Nazi Propaganda Essay - 1463 Words

Nazi Propaganda Propaganda attempts to force a doctrine on the whole people... Propaganda works on the general public from the standpoint of an idea and makes them ripe for the victory of this idea. These words of Adolf Hitler are taken from his book Mien Kampf (My Struggle) published in 1926. Propaganda was an elaborate and essential tool used extensively by Hitler and the Nazis during their terrorizing reign of Germany and throughout Europe. Not only was it used to promote and endorse the party and its leaders extreme anti-Semitic values, but also to mask the horrifying truths of what was to become known as the Holocaust. Anti-Jewish measures and programs have taken place numerous times throughout history, but never to the†¦show more content†¦The Jewish nose is bent at the tip. It looks like a figure 6. So we call them Figure sixes. Many non-Jews also have bent noses. But in their case the nose is bent up, not down. They have nothing to do with the Jewish nose. Encouraged by the teacher, Karl points out that the lips are another distinguishing feature; they are usually puffed up. The eyebrows are: Usually thicker and more fleshy than ours. From the eyes one can see that the Jew is: A false, deceitful person. Shown along with the text is a drawing of a boy, Karl, at the front of his class pointing to a numeral 6 that resembles what was said to be the stereotypical Jewish nose. The reasoning behind the title of the book is explained as, Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal. Another fundamental example of radical anti-Semitic press was the newspaper printed by Julius Streicher called Der Stà ¼rmer (The Attacker). This paper used anti-Semitic caricatures, accused Jews of plotting secret plans against the German government, promoted the idea of Jewish seduction and even called for the annihilation of all Jews in 1941. The passionate language by the writers and crafty manipulation of the readers is evident in a 1935 article written by ErnstShow MoreRelatedNazi Propaganda1653 Words   |  7 PagesMost Nazi Propaganda was ineffective. Explain why you agree or disagree with this statement. The Nazis used propaganda to a great extent in Germany. It was impossible to escape and millions of ordinary Germans came across Propaganda every day. Not all the propaganda in Nazi Germany was successful but I believe that overall propaganda was massively successful in gaining Hitler and the Nazis support and influencing Germans with Nazi ideas and attitudes. By dominating all aspects of society many GermansRead MoreThe Nazi Evangelicalism : Nazi Propaganda1423 Words   |  6 PagesHargurdev Singh Professor Garoupa English 7 29 September 2014 The Nazi Evangelicalism In 1940 s Europe, many nations were polluted with Nazi propaganda depicting the power and superiority of the German people. Alongside these propaganda posters, Adolf Hitler, the German Fà ¼hrer, was also portrayed in an angelic light and as an individual that was brought into this world to cleanse it of its sins. He was seen as a god-like figure that could bring this world to what it was supposed to be, a GermanRead MorePropaganda And The Nazi Ideology2094 Words   |  9 Pages Propaganda is a very useful tool to spread a message to influence people to support an ideology. That is what the NSDAP, Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers’ Party in English, utilized to spread their message and gain support for their views of German nationalism, supremacy of race, and volkgemeinschaft meaning people’s community. Hitler saw propaganda as a way to pave his way to power and to indoctrinate the German people to follow him, to see him Read MoreThe Effectiveness of Nazi Propaganda1313 Words   |  5 Pages Propaganda affects the world in various ways. Everyday people’s judgments, selections, and fondness are changed and prejudiced by propaganda and media. Propaganda publicity does no permit individuals to think on their own, and in that sense, promulgation is unnatural and off. The Nazi were in no way nor shape and form the first to exploit promulgation to impact heir general public yet throughout and paving the way to the Second World War they have indicated tip top abilities in applying it. ThroughRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Nazi Propaganda3046 Words   |  13 PagesMaryann Ritter Dr. Megan Sethi HIS 241: World War Two 28 June 2015 The effectiveness of Nazi Propaganda There have been many varied opinions on the effectiveness of the Nazi propaganda used by Hitler and his teams of propaganda writers throughout World War II. His popularity was astounding with the German masses and grew into a frenzied state quickly. Hitler’s rise of his image was built on a fairly new manner of technology allowing more exposure to the people. This paper will examine the exponentsRead MorePropaganda During Nazi Germany : Film And Propaganda3538 Words   |  15 PagesLeandre Eberhard Film and Propaganda in Nazi Germany December 15, 2014 Goebbels’ Philosophy on Film and its Uses for Propaganda The following paper will focus on Joseph Goebbes’ use of propagandistic techniques in Nazi films. It will attempt to pinpoint his main goals and techniques through the context of films including Wunschkonzert, Ich Klage An, Kolberg, Jud Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸, Der Ewige Jude and Triumph des Willens. In looking at these films, comparisons will be made between the techniques Goebbels promotesRead MoreNazi Propaganda and The Holocaust Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesNazi propaganda played an important role in the Holocaust, the extermination of millions based on race, religion, and ethnicity. It successfully secured the acquiescence of the general public to the crimes committed by the Nazis. The Nazi Party used their control of the media to fuel anti-Semitic belief and to persuade Germans to support the Nazi cause throughout the Holocaust and World War II. Although the Nazis were the largest political party in Germay, they did not win a majority of votes inRead MoreThe Argument For Genocide In Nazi Propaganda1556 Words   |  7 Pages Much later, Randall L. Bytwerk analyzed genocidal propaganda in his 2005 article â€Å"The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda.† He argues that the most significant way to argue a â€Å"final solution† for the Jews is by convincing the population that it was a matter of life or death. The NSDAP government had to communicate this victim-perpetrator complex enough so that a maximum amount of people would consume this information and be able to take it as an irrefutable, imminent danger. As Kim WunschmanRead MoreEssay about Nazi Propaganda887 Words   |  4 PagesIt can be said that Hitler’s Nazi party in Germany is the greatest political phenomenon of the 20th century. It is one of the most highly debated political regimes not only due to the infamy created by Nazi involvement i n the holocaust, but also the manner in which a German nationalism spread with such apparent ease. The truth however is that it’s not a clear-cut and dry topic, in fact it’s everything but that. The severity of the harm brought to Germany at the hands of the war guilt clause inRead More The Link Between Nazi Propaganda And The Holocaust Essay2873 Words   |  12 Pages Hitler believed that propaganda from the allies was the main reason that the Germans lost during World War I and felt that this form of warfare needed to be a primary tool in modern warfare. He spoke of this belief in his book Mein Kampf well before the start of the second World War. Hitler felt that the public needed to be inundated with the ideology of the state at all times and through all mediums (Jowett and ODonnell 2). To do this, he said everything from childs story-book to the last

The Essay Nursing Samples Chronicles

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Catcher in the rye glass menagerie Essay Example For Students

Catcher in the rye glass menagerie Essay The Catcher in the Rye and The Glass MenagerieThe person someone becomes is influenced by the losses they have experienced in their life. In Catcher in the Rye the main character Holden Caulfield is devastated by the loss of his younger brother Allie to leukemia. The loss of Allie never leaves Holdens mind. It changes his perception of the world. In The Glass Menagerie Amanda Wingfields husband abandons her and their two children Tom and Laura. For Amanda the only way to deal with the loss is to escape into a dream world. She forces this delusion onto Tom and Laura Loss of anything a loved one, a friend or a cherished possession can affect the way a person feels. Loss can change a persons reactions or attitude toward something. This may cause the person to change the way they live their life or the decisions they make. Loss leaves an impression on a person. Holden Caulfield is tormented by Allies death. The night Allie died Holden slept in the garage and broke all thewindows with his fists. This was the only way Holden could deal with the loss of Allie. Allie becomes the model of the ideal person for Holden. Throughout Catcher in the Rye whenever Holden talks about Allie its what a great person he was. He describes Allie as extremely intelligent, someone you would have liked and as someone that never got angry. Everyone Holden meets or sees he compares them to this image of Allie but almost no one meets the standards. As Holden is eating breakfast in a diner he sees two nuns come in and helps them with their suitcases. He thinks nothing of them until he notices that their suitcases seem inexpensive. Holden talks about how he hates it when someone has cheap suitcases and how he can just get to hate someone for having them. Holden never gets over Allies death. It causes him to become restless. He is searching for something to replace the gap in his life that Allie left. He looked up to Allie. Whenever Holden finds something that can replace Allie he discovers flaws about it. Holden feels that if he finds something he is betraying Allie. He never truly finds something to fill the void. When Phoebe asks Holden to name something he likes a lot he cant think of anything besides Allie. Phoebe says Allie doesnt really count because hes dead. Holden argues I can still like him, though, cant I? Just because somebodys dead, you dont just stop liking them especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know thatre alive and all. Holden becomes reluctant to change because of Allies death. The loss of Allie was a great change in Holdens life. Allie had always been there. This causes Holden to associate change with negative emotions. As Holden is walking to the Museum of Natural History he begins to recollect memories of the museum. Holden talks about the exhibits of Indians and animals but says the best thing was that the museum stayed the same. No matter how many times you visited it never changed, nobody would have moved or become different. Holden felt that certain things should stay the same. He goes on to say you ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone. Amanda Wingfields life is turned upside down by her husbands departure. In her mind it shatters hope for a future. To cope with this predicament Amanda tries to relive her youth. Once, after eating dinner Amanda mentions how she received seventeen gentlemen callers in Blue Mountain. She boasts that her callers were the most prominent men of Mississippi. Amanda says she knew how to entertain company and that she had a pretty face and a graceful figure. The loss of her husband causes Amanda to develop a dependence on her children. She wants Tom and Laura to become successful. Amanda complains that Tom does not earn enough money at the shoe factory. She wants him to attend night sc hool so he can attain a better career. Amanda sends Laura to Rubicams Business College to learn typewriting. When she finds out that Laura quits school she is crushed and says, What are we going to do the rest of our lives? After Amanda realizes that Laura will never have a career as a secretary she develops the idea that a gentlemen caller will be able to guarantee her and Lauras future. She asks Tom to find someone for Laura. Tom does indeed find someone but it turns out he is engaged and Amanda once again begins to worry about the future. .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .postImageUrl , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:hover , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:visited , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:active { border:0!important; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:active , .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue9d3f127afc17bad912a96e178ae83db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: System of Government in the Philippines During Sample EssayAfter being left by her husband Amanda begins to long for social and financial success. She see that her time to attain these goals is running short. Her yearning to achieve success prevents her from perceiving the reality that is her life. When Tom informs Amanda that a gentlemen caller will be visiting he says not to except much of Laura because she is different from other girls but Amanda tells him she feels the difference is all to her advantage. Amanda pretties up the apartment and puts on the dress she used to wear in the south to impress the gentlemen caller. She tries to cover up the fact that they are not well off. Tom is a dreamer. He hides in the closet at the factory and writes poems. Amanda refuses to see this and thinks Tom will become a successful businessman. She blames her husband for her childrens bad qualities. When Tom stays out late or smokes Amanda says you got it from you father. Holden and Amanda were both traumatized by the loss they experienced. Holdens view of the world changes because of Allies death. In Holdens mind no one will ever live up to Allie. Holden cant see good in the world anymore. There is something wrong with everything when matched up against Allie. Even though this is true Holden is on an endless quest to find something that can replace Allie. The loss of Allie causes Holden to feel only something negative can result from change. The loss of her husband throws Amanda into a fantasy world. She will not accept that she should be anything other than the southern lady she was brought up to be, that Laura is peculiar or that Tom is not a budding businessman, and that she herself might be in some ways responsible for the sorrows and flaws of her children. Loss affects people in different ways. It can tear them apart or make them stronger. For both Holden and Amanda loss forces them to struggle with their emotions in an attempt to find ways of d ealing with the loss. Words/ Pages : 1,138 / 24

Values And Virtues Essay Essay Example

Values And Virtues Essay Essay It was late Saturday eventide. Lisa Donath. a adolescent drug counsellor was on her manner place from work. She was non experiencing good that clip and thought it could be due to the blood she donated the other twenty-four hours. While at the station. Lisa fainted and fell right on the trail racks near a twosome. Without any hold. the adult male named Ismael Feneque. a form shaper. jumped in to deliver her. 20 seconds before the following train arrived. Within such a short clip. Ismael was able to deliver Lisa and mount up to salvage himself. When asked. Ismael said he did non bear any 2nd ideas about salvaging Lisa. even if it could hold caused his ain life. We will write a custom essay sample on Values And Virtues Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Values And Virtues Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Values And Virtues Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In our mundane life. we encounter many battles and negative experiences. We hear about colza. slaying. robbery. and many different sorts of offense that make us experience pessimistic about people and the universe. However. narratives of gallantry like what Ismael did animate us to believe that there is still hope in the hereafter. if we merely learn our kids the right values and virtuousnesss they should bear. In position of this. the household. school. and community should lend to stressing good values and virtuousnesss among kids. In this paper. we discuss the values and virtuousnesss that every American young person should absorb despite coming from different cultural backgrounds. The construction of American categories presents is normally made up of kids from different multicultural beginnings. Hence. multiculturalism presents the challenge to every instructor who intends to learn about American civilization and values. Despite coming from different backgrounds. kids should possess values and virtuousnesss typical of every American young person in order to guarantee single adoptability and sound societal construction. The challenge involves a figure of considerations. Among which is the belief in moral relativism that tend to take the young person to lose moral strong belief. Sommers ( in Surname of Editor. twelvemonth ) identifies today’s youth’s inability to judge state of affairss with strong moral strong belief. Most of them are morally misled. and can non make up ones mind whether something is good or bad. When asked the same inquiry. one interviewee explained that it depends on the individual to make up ones mind whether what s/he does is good or bad. This inability to place good from immorality is dismaying for there is a better chance that they will make what is incorrectly more than what is right. For Sommers. this sort of thought is â€Å"no better than the doctrine of a sociopath† ( 390 ) . A morally deranged individual does things on urges and non by intent. In Aristotle’s ( in Surname of Editor. twelvemonth ) â€Å"Nichomachean Ethics. † he emphasizes that our desires should be directed towards a good end or else it will be â€Å"empty and in vain† ( 366 ) . He believes that a individual who knows right from incorrect can likewise place between physical and higher pleasances. Like Sommers. he supports the thought that there are criterions of goodness. Peoples are endowed with the capableness to find what is right and what is incorrect based on the result of a certain act. Thus. a good title consequences in a good result. one that is good to those who are concerned. To develop the ability to separate right from incorrect. Sommers suggests a â€Å"great relearning† where pupils will be taught of general regulations that would assist reform their ideas towards making what is good. A great relearning is necessary in order to unlearn and rectify incorrect impressions and behaviours developed in the yesteryear. To make this. pupils should hear a batch of narratives and illustrations of good workss such as those of Ismael Feneque’s gallantry. Everyday. one of them will be assigned to describe an act of gallantry they encountered from the intelligence or read from the Internet. This will assist them recognize that bravery or gallantry is one of the values that Americans should hold. The gallantry of American people. particularly those who fought in the wars. should be strongly emphasized to likewise actuate pupils to larn and value freedom. Krauthammer ( in Surname of Editor. twelvemonth ) renders a commentary on perennial offenses. among which is colza. Harmonizing to him. the incidence of colza has multiplied over the old ages from the sixtiess. In response to this. instructors should stress the importance of regard for life and rights. Chiefly. kids should larn how to give regard to others. particularly to human existences. By exerting regard. people can populate harmoniously. Respect for the jurisprudence. belongings. and freedom of address are merely some values they need to relearn. In learning regard. the instructor should let pupils to portion about their ain civilization. At the start of every lesson. one pupil will portion patterns. traditions. nutrient. etc. which are sole to one’s civilization. This manner. pupils will be exposed to cultural differences. therefore advancing regard and credence of other people’s individualism. Another value that pupils need to develop is honesty. For Aristotle. the wise speak merely the truth. In Sommers ( in Surname of Editor. twelvemonth ) . the writer confronts the important world that many of our young person today do non bear the truth. Sad to cognize. some are dubious of of import historical facts such as the Holocaust and the WWII. where many lives were fought and lost in vain. This sad world about the young person challenges us once more to subject pupils to a sort of relearning. Teaching history. memorising facts. and reading about of import events in history are surely non plenty to demo our young person the truth about the yesteryear. What they need is grounds. Therefore. to learn truth pupils should be made to watch pictures and docudramas. These resources should include docudramas on the past including our ascendants. and the present state of affairs of our people and even those who are sing hungriness or subjugation such as those in Somalia or in Tibet. These docudramas would assist them recognize the truth. After sing. pupils should be asked to compose contemplations based on what they have seen. and these reactions should be processed through treatment in category. In add-on. lessons for learning honestness and truth should include practical applications. Sommers ( Ibid. ) emphasize that learning honestness includes learning pupils the importance of decency. In the academic scene. honestness may be exercised by non plagiarising. Plagiarizing somebody’s work demonstrates the loss of honestness and regard for other people’s right. It besides consequences in the loss of human self-respect. The pupils should understand that these values are interconnected. therefore pretermiting one consequences in disregard of another. Related to honesty and esteem is the value of forbearance. The modern tendencies that we live with presents teach us to make things in an blink of an eye. Instantaneous java. instant repasts. and instant income are merely some things we enjoy because we escape the demand to wait. This consequences in our inability to wait for the right clip before something comes to fruition. or before something is absolutely ripened. It besides consequences in the loss of forbearance. Many childs presents have forgotten the value of forbearance. Therefore. they resort to copying or plagiarising other people’s work. they resort to suction lipectomy alternatively of exerting. or they try to procure occupations that can do them gain instant hard currency. In response to the demand to redevelop forbearance. instructors should plan activities that require pupils to make a comprehensive and hands-on undertaking such as carry oning research. interviews. or fixing pictures and other activities that they would bask making and at the same clip let them to pass clip working together as groups. Concerted acquisition would learn them the value of forbearance and difficult work. Heroism. ability to find right from incorrect. regard. honestness and forbearance are merely some American values and virtuousnesss that we need to develop among pupils in order to reform society. Although these values are cosmopolitan. we accept the fact that there are critics and sceptics who will oppose to learning them in the schoolroom. For case. some may believe that gallantry can non use to most pupils. However. it should be stressed that values such as gallantry can be demonstrated in simple ways. For case. a simple aid to transport a classmate’s books is an act of gallantry. Checking one’s ain paper can be an exercising of honestness and judging right from incorrect. Besides. a simple drawing exercising utilizing natural pigments can advance forbearance among immature pupils. Every instructor should see that the small things they do and the values they develop in the schoolroom can make admirations finally when pupils set pes in the large universe. Mentions Aristotle. ( Publication Year ) . From the nichomachean moralss. In Name of Editor ( Ed. ) . Title of book ( 366-373 ) . Location: Publisher. Krauthammer. C. ( Pub. Year ) . Specifying deviancy up. In M. I. Surname of Editor ( Ed. ) . Title of book ( 384-389 ) . Location: Publisher. Sommers. C. H. ( Pub. Year ) . Teaching the virtuousnesss. In M. I. Surname of Editor ( Ed. ) . Title of book ( 394-398 ) . Location: Publisher. Sommers. C. H. ( Pub. Year ) . Are we populating in a moral rock age? In M. I. Surname of Editor ( Ed. ) . Title of book ( 390-393 ) . Location: Publisher.

Free Essays on Family Law

-FAMILY LAW ESSAY- â€Å"EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN RECOGNISING, REGULATING AND PROTECTNG THE MANY TYPES OF FAMILIES THAT EXIST† A family is defined as 'two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption or fostering, who are usually resident in the same household' (ABS). The Family Law Act 1975 protects this concept of 'Family'. However, often the effectiveness of the legal system in recognising, regulating and protecting the different types of families that exist is debated. The most common types of families that exist in the Australian society today are marriages, de facto relationship, ATSI and customary marriages and same-sex relationships. Historically, the concept of 'Family' that was recognised by the legal system differed largely to the one that is present today. Women in the past were often on the wrong side of the scale where marriages and divorces were concerned and alternative family arrangements were not recognised in the law, given them little or no regulation and protection. However over time as the society's morals and ethic changed about 'Family', the law was amended to recognise, regulate, and protect the changes, increasing the effectiveness of the legal system in these family arrangements. A marriage is 'the union of a man and women voluntarily entered into for life to the exclusion of all others'. This was defined in the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and is corporated into the Marriage Act 1866 (Cth). The Marriage Act sets down the requirements of a valid marriage, a marriage will be valid only if neither are under the age of 18 years/with parental consent (between the age of 16-17)/permission from a judge if consent is withheld; neither are related in a prohibited way that is related by blood (ancestor, descendant, sister/brother, uncle/aunt, niece/nephew); neither is already married... Free Essays on Family Law Free Essays on Family Law -FAMILY LAW ESSAY- â€Å"EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN RECOGNISING, REGULATING AND PROTECTNG THE MANY TYPES OF FAMILIES THAT EXIST† A family is defined as 'two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption or fostering, who are usually resident in the same household' (ABS). The Family Law Act 1975 protects this concept of 'Family'. However, often the effectiveness of the legal system in recognising, regulating and protecting the different types of families that exist is debated. The most common types of families that exist in the Australian society today are marriages, de facto relationship, ATSI and customary marriages and same-sex relationships. Historically, the concept of 'Family' that was recognised by the legal system differed largely to the one that is present today. Women in the past were often on the wrong side of the scale where marriages and divorces were concerned and alternative family arrangements were not recognised in the law, given them little or no regulation and protection. However over time as the society's morals and ethic changed about 'Family', the law was amended to recognise, regulate, and protect the changes, increasing the effectiveness of the legal system in these family arrangements. A marriage is 'the union of a man and women voluntarily entered into for life to the exclusion of all others'. This was defined in the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and is corporated into the Marriage Act 1866 (Cth). The Marriage Act sets down the requirements of a valid marriage, a marriage will be valid only if neither are under the age of 18 years/with parental consent (between the age of 16-17)/permission from a judge if consent is withheld; neither are related in a prohibited way that is related by blood (ancestor, descendant, sister/brother, uncle/aunt, niece/nephew); neither is already married...

Thirty of the Worlds Busiest Airports

Thirty of the Worlds Busiest Airports This is a list of the thirty busiest airports for passenger traffic, based on finalized 2008 data from the Airports Council International. A more recent list of the busiest airports in the world is also available here on my site. Since 1998, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in the United States has been the worlds busiest passenger airport. Numbers represent the number of passengers enplaned and deplaned with passengers in transit counted only once. 1. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport - 90,039,280 2. OHare International Airport (Chicago) - 69,353,654 3. Heathrow Airport (London) - 67,056,228 4. Haneda Airport (Tokyo) - 65,810,672 5. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport - 60,851,998 6. Los Angeles International Airport - 59,542,151 7. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport - 57,069,331 8. Beijing Capital International Airport - 55,662,256* 9. Frankfurt Airport - 53,467,450 10. Denver International Airport - 51,435,575 11. Madrid Barajas Airport - 50,823,105 12. Hong Kong International Airport - 47,898,000 13. John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) - 47,790,485 14. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol - 47,429,741 15. McCarran International Airport (Las Vegas) - 44,074,707 16. George Bush Intercontinental Airport (Houston) - 41,698,832 17. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport - 39,890,896 18. Bangkok International Airport - 38,604,009 19. Singapore Changi Airport - 37,694,824 20. Dubai International Airport - 37,441,440 (New to the list) 21. San Francisco International Airport - 37,405,467 22. Orlando International Airport - 35,622,252 23. Newark Liberty International Airport (New Jersey) - 35,299,719 24. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport - 35,144,841 25. Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport (Rome) - 35,132,879 (New to the list) 26. Charlotte Douglas International Airport (North Carolina) - 34,732,584 (New to the list) 27. Munich Airport - 34,530,593 28. London Gatwick Airport - 34,214,474 29. Miami International Airport - 34,063,531 30. Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport - 34,032,710 * Beijing Capital International Airport saw a seven million passenger increase from 2006 to 2008, likely due to the 2008 Summer Games held in Beijing. Airports that previously made the top thirty ranking list for busiest airports but are not on this years ranking of the busiest airports include: Narita International Airport (Tokyo), and Philadelphia International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport (Canada).

Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Letter - Essay Example As for my country, I would like to come up with the best health care plan in the world where every citizen is entitled to free medical healthcare. With a healthy nation, the currency will increase in value thus, improving the economic level. For me to reach the presidency, people in my Arabian community would have had a greater share of me. This is only possible if I am their Governor. Following the discussions I had with a number of governors in Saudi Arabia, my people have been deprived their rights for a very long time. A time for change has come and with his guidance, I will sail through. During my years in college, I had started a community based group called â€Å"The Young Flames† which encourages young people to spearhead for real change and fight injustice. We have been able to reclaim over a hundred youths who had sunk into drug abuse and with this we thank ourselves. After college, I want to improve our group for it to become a national movement in future and am certain of this. My political science course has been the most enjoyable and with it, change is going to be

City of Temecula History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

City of Temecula History - Term Paper Example The rancheria [ranchos-missions] at Temecula housed a granary and a chapel, the granary making it the ‘most important dependency of the prosperous Mission San Luis Rey’† (Bibb para. 2). It is accepted that the region included a coastal area, interior plains for planting all bounded by mountains. The exact location of the original town â€Å"pueblo† of Temecula as has been said is in dispute, however according to an 1860 census the town designated as Temecula was home to â€Å"300 inhabitants and forty adobes† (Bibb para. 6). The name is generally applied to a region adjacent to San Diego. Survey maps from 1860 place Temecula in the near vicinity of Vignes Rancho and Pendleton. (Bibb para. 15) According to Bibb, the Indians were formally evicted from [what is acknowledged to be] Temecula in the late 1800s, along with other tribes in the area, victims of economics and political strife between Californios (Mexicans) and the Americans. â€Å"The present-day town of Temecula lies three and one half miles northwest of the original indian village and is a product of the now defunct railroad built in the 1880s, which ran from San Bernardino to San Diego† (Bibb para. 7). The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, by which the United States acquired the southwest territory from Mexico, was signed on February 2, 1848, ushering in the end of the golden era of the ranchos. Farris provides an accurate description of the fate of original inhabitants of the Temecula Valley pertinent to the Luisenos and others. By the early 1800s plans to dissolve the missions [secularization] as communities in favor of selling off land to private interests was well underway. â€Å"With the arrival in 1833 of the Mexican appointee, General Jose Figueroa, [Governor] the final implementation of a plan for the widespread secularization of the missions was completed. The process of emancipation of the Indians and dividing up the land

European History Essay Paper - Past Question Plans Essay Example for Free

European History Essay Paper Past Question Plans Essay This is an explain type question so its asking you to do just that, but also a little more. Merely describing the measures Ferdinand and Isabella took to cope with various problems will get some marks, but more marks will be gained if you weigh up the outcomes of these policies, and register how successful they were. For example, you may say in the essay that Ferdinand and Isabella faced economic problems, and you may go on to explain what policy(ies) they introduced to solve the problem. This would be explaining how they dealt with the problem, but you can go further and say how well they dealt with it compared to other issues, etc. Also, refer to historians and what they said about how they dealt with problems. Always link back to the question. So you must: a) Show what the problems were b) What measures they took to deal with them c) How successful these measures were, evaluating against other issues, historiographical interpretations, short-term/long-term instances. The essay: PARA 1 WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS: i) Civil War in Aragon decline of Barcelona, civil disorder, social unrest. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella. iii) Lack of Town support for Isabella. iv) Foreign menaces. v) Religious issues Jews, Muslims, Reconquista. PARA 2 HOW THEY DEALT WITH THEM: i) Civil War in Aragon: well, King John of Aragon was very much in favour of a marriage alliance of Ferdinand with Isabella. John saw this as a way of engineering territorial security in area like Catalonia, keeping the French at bay. He also saw the possibility of better economic ties that would help halt the decline of Barcelona and peasant unrest. Thus, Chroniclers depicted Ferdinand King in January 1479 as the founder of a new Age, a Messiah. The real problems in Aragon, however, like that of town control over financial policy, were not even attempted to be sorted out until after 1479 when Ferdinand had been King for a few years. However, between 1469 and 1479, we can see the ideal behind Johns plan to marry Ferdinand and Isabella, as it was meant to give Ferdinand a better chance to reviving Aragons fortunes something, in the long-term, which slowly starts to happen, for example with the emergence of town consulados, etc. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella: Isabella had some Grandee support but she needed more in order to win her succession. The succession crisis was the biggest issue, and within that, the lack of Grandee support an important problem that needed to be addressed. So, she had to make deals to get support. She needed their support as Grandees had land, money, power and men they could make or break a monarch. So, she bought them off: Cardinal Mendoza was promised a Chancellorship, his brother was created Duke of Infantado; Enriquez was made Admiral of Castile; Velasco made Constable of Castile. Isabella said support me and Ill reward you, and this is how she changed the potentially dangerous situation of only a minority of Nobles supporting her, to a majority in favour of her. iii) Lack of town support: Most towns were in revolt; many bandos fought for their own control of the towns and cities, depriving Ferdinand and Isabella of an important power base. Isabella used a variety of techniques to overcome the problem, demonstrating her political aptitude and ability to work out different answers to varying situations. Thus, Burgos was promised Royal protection from liberty-threatening nobles after Burgoss citizens highlighted this as a major hindrance in their supporting of Isabella. Toledo was offered extensive privileges if they submitted; Seville was threatened with financial and commercial penalties if Isabellas right as Queen was refused there. Rodrigo declared in favour of Isabella - How important was religion in influencing the policies of Ferdinand and Isabella? The only way to avoid narrative is to structure an essay properly and to focus on explaining and arguing, rather than telling the story. It takes a certain amount of courage to accept, but a shorter, focused, analytical answer is much better than a long, narrative one! If you can, use short, snappy quotations to support your analysis, rather than long factual descriptions. Clearly you understand that religion was important and since this is the factor given in the essay title, you need to deal with this in the greatest depth. A brief introduction stressing the piety of Ferdinand and (especially) Isabella (eg ref the Catholic monarchs, the fact that their tomb in Granada Cathedral records only their achievements in religion) should be an followed by an explanation of how the conquest of Granada, the establishment of religious uniformity, the reform of the Spanish Church and even the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by religious aims. In the context of this essay, the policy of religious uniformity requires particular attention, as the implementation of this policy was politically difficult (eg opposition to the Inquisition, especially in the Aragonese kingdoms and the revolt of the Alpujarras) and economically damaging (eg the loss of the wealth and commercial skills of the Jewish community especially in Barcelona and the disruption to trade and agriculture in Granada after the expulsion of the Moors). It therefore shows the importance of religion in the formation and implementation of policy, given that Ferdinand Isabella were willing to accept the consequent political and economic difficulties. However, to give your essay balance you will need also to explain that these religious policies had other aims too, given the pressing need to restore and strengthen royal authority (particularly in Castile, after the anarchy of Henry IVs reign and the civil war). In particular, the conquest of Granada and the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by economic aims, while the conquest and reform of the Church also had broader political aims (eg the conquest united the nobility behind the new regime and gave it a safe outlet for its aggressive instincts, while ecclesiastical reform went some way to establishing royal authority over the Spanish Church). You should conclude that this complex of motives religious, political and economic was inevitable, given the personality of the Catholic monarchs and the context of their reign. I hope all this helps you with your studies. Good luck! - How United was Spain by 1516? The main thing with any essay is to be clear in your mind about what you are going to say. Yes, there are different interpretations but the only point of view your exam marker is really interested in is yours! So you must decide right from the beginning what you think the answer is and structure your essay accordingly. If you have time, you can include some discussion of the other views/possibilities in your conclusion! In the case of this essay, there are a number of possible answers: ie Ferdinand Isabella united Spain more or less completely; they didnt unite it at all; or they united it in some ways but not others. Common sense will tell you that the last approach is probably the best one! Having decided what your argument is going to be, you can say so in your introduction (ie Ferdinand Isabella imposed religious uniformity on Spain and created a dynastic union: however measure designed to bring about closer economic ties were half-hearted at best and they never united Spain politically) and structure the rest of the essay accordingly. Start off by explaining those areas where unity was achieved, in particular the implementation of policies designed to bring about religious uniformity (conquest of Granada, expulsion of Jews and Moors, Inquisition) and the dynastic union resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand Isabella that also enabled the Catholic Kings to pursue common military and foreign policy aims. However, you should be aware that all of this only went so far. For example, the supposedly Spanish conquest of Granada actually resulted in the expansion of the crown of Castile, while toleration of Moorish practices actually continued in Aragon (especially Valencia). Perhaps most telling was the fact that after Isabellas death, Ferdinand re-married in order to prevent (unsuccessfully) Charles of Burgundy from inheriting Aragon as well as Castile. In other words, Ferdinand did not want the dynastic union created by himself and Isabella to last if it meant that their joint heir would be a Habsburg prince. Consider the economy next: unity is suggested by the equalisation of currencies (often referred to as the introduction of a common currency) and the introduction of a rudimentary postal service. However, internal customs barriers and regulations protecting the privileged status of native merchants in towns like Barcelona, Valencia and Seville remained. Finally, explain that Ferdinand Isabella certainly didnt unite Spain in any political sense. Indeed, they probably had no intention of ever doing so (for example they never called themselves the King and Queen of Spain!). The component kingdoms all had their own rights and privileges that made it almost impossible to rule as a single political unit . Indeed, given the potential strength of the crown in Castile (and the weakness of royal authority in Aragon) Ferdinand Isabella wisely concentrated on restoring the authority of the crown there, leaving Aragon more or less to its own devices. Apart from the Inquisition, there were no common political, administrative, legal or military institutions and the rights of the Aragonese kingdoms, Navarre and the Basque Provinces were fully respected (apart from the imposition of the Inquisition). Conclude this section of your essay by referring to events after Isabellas death, when Ferdinand was seen as a foreign ruler with no rights in Castil e and was consequently excluded from the government of the country. It was only the death of Archduke Philip and the madness of Joanna that forced the Castilian administration under Cisneros to turn (very reluctantly!) to Ferdinand for assistance. As noted above, your conclusion might include discussion of other interpretations/points of view but it is better if you end up reinforcing your own argument! If you can, find a snappy quotation that supports your point of view to end with! I hope this hopes you with your studies. Good luck!

The Great Plague of Europe Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

The deadly rapidly progressing disease known as the Great Plague of Europe or what is often referred to as the Black Death that swept through the European population between 1347 and 1353 initially began in China. Throughout human discourse, all three forms of the infectious disease have played a devastating role in the epidemics that resulted in high death rates in 14th century Europe. The Black Death of Europe that occurred was the second of the three great waves to hit throughout history. The first plague broke out in the 6th century during the reign of the Byzantine under the Emperor Justinian, reaching his capital in Constantinople. The third great wave of the plague began in China’s Yunnan province in 1894, emerging in Hong Kong and then spread via shipping routes throughout the world. The plague reached the United States from a ship containing rodents carrying the plague from Hong Kong that docked at Hawaii, where the plague broke out in December 1899, and then San Fran cisco, whose plague epidemic began in the early 1900’s. A team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman of University College Cork in Ireland conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from China (Wade, 2010). The empirical evidence from their findings points out that the plague would have reached Europe across the Silk Road. Although there were three great waves of plague, the Great Plague of Europe in the 14th century was the most devastating, violent, and most viral out of the three waves. The main cause of the Great Plague of Europe came from a deadly bacterium known as Yersinia Pestis. A smear of the bubonic plague is evades the human body and concentrates itself in the lymph node. A plague patient’s blood profile would contain or... ...Diseases, 49(10), i. 4. The Black Death, 1348," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001). http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/blackdeath.html 5. "The black death: a plague that brought change to Europe." Calliope May-June 2011: 42+. General OneFile. Web. 8 May 2012. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA259679369&v=2.1&u=nysl_sc_sshs&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w 6. "The Black Death." Nationalgeographic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2012. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article/ 7. â€Å"The Black Death Begins.† 2012. The History Channel website. May 19 2012, 9:58 http://www.history.com/videos/the-black-death-begins. 8. Wade, Nicholus. Europe’s Plagues Came From China, Study Finds. N.p.: n.p., 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. .

King Lear Imagery

The seemingly loving and honest sisters, Generic and Reagan, and Starr son, Edmund, are In reality; evil, uncaring, deceitful beings, and clothing that symbolizes who a person Is, Is simply only an Illusion. Early on in the play, Learns two daughters, Generic and Reagan, appear to be very caring and are loving towards him, but with animal Imagery, their true nature is shown. When Lear tells his three daughter to profess their love to him (when he is dividing the kingdom) Generic and Reagan speak words of love and affection such as † Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter,†¦ Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare,†¦ , when In reality, they do not possess the feelings they claim they have. Their appearance is that they are sincere, loyal and charming but the reality is the opposite. The two sister lie to their father to get what they want. They say what they know he wants to hear. It is only after Generic tries to force Lear to get rid of his men when he f inally starts to realism how uncaring they are. Lear even calls Generic a â€Å"Detested kite! â€Å", and that Is in fact what she is. Her and her sister lied and faked emotion to benefit them, â€Å"fed† off Lear as a vulture would to It's prey.Further Into the play, Lear completely realizes his daughters true evil nature, â€Å"†¦ How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child. â€Å", again referring to them as unpleasant, vile animals. They took advantage of their father who was blinded by his ego to see the reality of who his daughters were. He mistook Generic and Reagan as the loving daughters, and Cornelia as the unloving one. Just because Cornelia did not play Learns love game, she was seen as the uncaring child. The reality of the daughters nature was swapped.These uses of animal Imagery help show what the woo, seemingly loving and affectionate sisters are actually Like. Deceitful, and cruel. Another way that the play shows false appeara nce is with clothing imagery. If a person wears extravagant, well-made clothing he is thought to be high society and is well respected. On the contrary, someone who wears ragged clothing is seen as useless, unimportant, and of low society. Lear was seen as powerful and respected, he was In fact the King, and wore luxurious robes and a fancy crown. In reality, he was not an intelligent man who was as powerful as he perceived himself to be.His loathing gave him that appearance, the illusion of power. When he had nothing, no kingdom, power, authority, or shelter, he still had the clothing, but he realizes that it now means nothing, â€Å"Through tattered clothes great vices do appear;' Robes and furred gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold,†¦ â€Å". In this quote Lear Is saying that poor people may appear to have weaker characters, but people Like him have this clothing clothing portray certain expected qualities of the wearer. Edgar, the son of Gloucester, knew of these societal perceptions and used them to his advantage.His Starr brother, Edmund, forges a letter of him plotting to kill his father. When his father learns of his apparent plan, he seeks to kill Edgar. To keep from being found and killed Edgar disguises himself as a Bedlam beggar, â€Å"†¦ Brought near to beast. My face I'll grime with filth,] Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots,] And with presented nakedness outface/ The winds and persecutions of the sky. † Since he drastically altered his appearance, and removed his clothes that represented who he is, no one will recognize and be able to kill him. This imagery shows Just how important and influential the clothing they wear are.Society associates specific appearances to specific people. If you have the look, you are what the look signifies. An illusion of importance or unimportance can be made depending on what clothes are draped. This imagery again explores the theme of appearance verses reality and shows the reader what reality is underneath the appearance. As well as the previous types of imagery enhanced the central theme, eye imagery is perhaps the most prominent. Eyes are what literally see what happens. It would be presumed that one could see the reality when it is happening before their eyes, but n King Lear this was not the case.As mentioned before, Generic and Reagan were also reality twisting children who deceived their father. Eye imagery is used to help covey the message that Lear is finally seeing the reality of his daughters when he says, â€Å"Pierce every sense thee! / Old fond eyes J Between this cause again, I'll pluck ye out. And cast you with the waters that you loose/ To temper clay. ‘ Yea, isn't come to this? Ha! Let it be so, I have another daughter/ Who I am sure is kind and comfortable. † He now has the idea that Generic and Reagan are the daughters that do not care for him, ND that it is, in fact, Cornelia that truly loves him.Edmund appears to all as a fine yo ung gentleman who is loyal and brave. In reality, Edmund is a cunning, devious, opportunist who will stop at nothing to please himself. Gloucester and many others are tricked by Edmunds appearance. What Gloucester does not see or refuse to see, is the hatred Edmund has for him because of his cavalier treatment of him. Edmund wants all control of Gloucester money and power. He fools both Edgar and Gloucester, destroying both of them, and turns them against each other. Only when Gloucester loses his physical sight does he see the reality of his two sons, â€Å"O my follies!Then Edgar was abused. Kind gods forgive me that, and prosper him! â€Å". He is told that Edmund was the one who ratted him out and that Edgar, all along, wasn't plotting to kill him. What appeared to him was Edmund was the honorable one and Edgar was the one turning against him, when in reality, it was the other way around. This type of imagery shows that what is seen is not always what it appears to be. These c haracters acted in a manner that made them appear to be who they are not, and even with sight, the reality was not seen immediately.To conclude, Shakespeare effectively used imagery in King Lear to help emphasis his theme of appearance verses reality, and how things are not always what they appear to be. The use of animal imagery to portray the true nature of the two and eye imagery of how things that can be physically seen, are not always what they appear to be, all further prove that reality can be completely different from the appearance. At first glance or impression, something can seem totally different than it's reality. Sometimes in order to see the truth, it takes more than Just seeing and believing what is right before your eyes.

My Mindful Eating Experience Essay

The mindful experience of eating involves multiple processes. Every process has to take a certain amount of time and be savored just long enough to be defined as mindful. Physically, the food has to be eaten slowly, eaten in small pieces, chewed several times, and swallowed gradually. Mentally, each bite of food has to be filled with enjoyment, focused on with all attention without any judgement, and it is very important during mindful eating to know what exactly is being put in your mouth and where it came from. It is extremely important to mentally accept the beauty of the food and to appreciate it. Emotionally, you have to engage in all your senses: sight, sound, taste, texture, and smell. Engaging all your senses is the most important principle of mindful eating! Let me take you through the process of mindful eating by explaining to you my mindful experience on eating a MilkyWay bar. This process, when done right, takes about 10 to 15 minutes. First, I unwrap the chocolate and focus all my attention to the creamy milk chocolate bar. As I look at the chocolate it looks delicious, intriguing, and I speculate about whats inside. Next, I take a small bite and experience the first taste. It tastes smooth yet hard and as I experience this first bite I push the chocolate up to the roof of my mouth. Feeling the chocolate being pushed up against the roof of my mouth, I can feel it break apart exposing the warm creamy caramel filling. As it begins to melt, my body craves for more and I can start to smell the sweet aroma of chocolate. When swallowing the chocolate I take in the texture of it slowly going down my throat. It feels soft and gentle as it begins to disappear into my stomach. This leaves me craving for more causing me to take a second bite! This process repeats itself with the next bite of chocolate, the feeling of creamy caramel being pushed up to the roof of my mouth, the swirling of my tongue mixing the chocolate and the caramel together making two components become one, and lastly feeling the sensation of the chocolate being pushed back to my throat where it disappears leaving only the strong smell and the craving for more! This long yet joyful, stress relieving experience is defined as the mindful experience of eating and should be rewarded to everybody!

5 Ways to Chart Display Your Family Tree

5 Ways to Chart Display Your Family Tree While tracing your ancestry back as far as possible is fun, its even better when you can present the findings in a handsome family tree chart. From hand-drawn genealogy charts to computer-generated ancestor trees, there are many different ways to chart and display your family history. Create It Yourself If you want to create something personal and your family is fairly small, consider creating your own family tree. You can draw the basic connections in a line-and-box format, or get more creative by embellishing with vines, flowers, etc. You can also display the family in an actual tree format, using the roots for descendants and leaves (or apples) for the ancestors. Cant draw a straight line? Try  a flowchart or diagramming program to create any chart you can imagine. Branch Out With Software While most genealogy software programs offer basic computer-generated family tree charts, you can get even better results by taking advantage of add-on programs. For example,  Legacy Charting Companion  expands the charting capabilities of the Legacy Family Tree program, allowing you to create and print a variety of ancestor, descendant, hourglass, fan and bowtie charts ranging in size from  8.5-by-11-inch  printouts to 9-foot displays.   Use a Chart Printing Service If you want a pretty family tree chart without having to deal with designing and printing, try one of the many Family Tree chart printing services that specialize in printing large family trees in both color and black and white. Some, such as Family Tree Illustration will custom design a chart for you, while others allow you to select from a number of different formats. Some require a family tree file in GEDCOM format, but some work from your own handwritten family tree. Perfect for family reunions and large frames, charts can usually be printed in large format. Pre-Printed Charts Make it Simple From basic pedigree charts to elaborate, rose-covered fan charts, pre-printed genealogy charts make it easy to display your family tree in style. A number of simpler family tree charts are available for free download online.  Other, more elaborate family tree charts are available for purchase from various vendors. Designer Family Trees If youre looking for something a little fancier, innumerable calligraphers and artists can render your family tree on vellum or parchment with hand-drawn letters and elaborate designs. For example, Marie Lynskey charges anywhere from $150 for a simple four-generation family tree lettered on parchment to more than $1500 for an illustrated family tree with numerous generations displayed on vellum. Park City, Utah-based artist Saundra Diehl turns dull family tree charts into a work of art, using watercolor and pen and ink to create a custom watercolor painting of your family tree on aged parchment.

How To Make Copper Acetate from Copper

How To Make Copper Acetate from Copper You can make copper acetate   [Cu(CH3COO)2] from common household materials to use in science projects and to grow natural blue-green crystals. Heres what you do: Materials copper (e.g., copper wire or pennies minted before 1982)hydrogen peroxidewhite vinegar Procedure Mix equal parts vinegar and hydrogen peroxide.Heat the mixture. You can bring it to a boil so that youre certain its hot enough, but once you reach that temperature, you can turn down the heat.Add copper. For a small amount of liquid, try about 5 pennies or a strip of copper wire. If you are using wire, make sure it is uncoated.Initially, the mixture will bubble and become cloudy. The solution will turn blue as copper acetate is produced.Wait for this reaction to proceed. Once the liquid clears up, heat the mixture until all the liquid is gone. Collect the solid, which is copper acetate. Alternatively, you can remove the mixture from heat, place the container in a place where it wont be disturbed, and wait for copper acetate monohydrate [Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O]  crystals to deposit on the copper. Copper Acetate Uses Copper acetate is used as a fungicide, catalyst, oxidizer, and as a blue-green pigment for making paint and other art supplies. The blue-green crystals are easy enough to grow as a beginner crystal-growing project. More Chemicals To Make Make Copper SulfateMake Sodium Acetate (Hot Ice)Make Ammonium Nitrate

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe Essay

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe the main characteristics of the Harvard System of Referencing, the style favoured by this un - Essay Example Gray et al 2008, p. 114, term the use of proper use of citation and referencing as â€Å"academic integrity†. The reputation of a piece of academic work lies in proper use of citations and references. Any author has a right over the ideas and words present in their work and this right deems that it is morally important to their ideas and work are appropriately attributed, when used by others (Gray et al, 2008). When accurate citation and referencing is done it reflects the integrity of the author, for it shows that the author recognizes the sources and acknowledges these sources. This leads to the importance of referencing in letting others find the original sources used in the work (REFERENCING, 2000). This is why citations and references may be considered as signposts and acknowledgements. The signpost perspective arises from showing the location of the source, while the acknowledgement perspective arises from accepting the indebtedness to the source (Hunter, 2008). Hunter 2008, p.1 gives three reasons why citations and references are important, which are â€Å"ideas are the currency of academia†, â€Å"failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea and â€Å"academics needs to be able to trace the geneology of ideas†. Referencing in an academic work demonstrates the quality of the work, through the range of ideas that are used and acknowledged and does away with possibility of any charge of plagiarism (University of South Australia, 2007). The quality of work thus becomes another important contribution of proper referencing in a piece of academic work, as it reflects the thoroughness and the diligence of the author and through that contributes to the reputation or impression of the academic work (Glick, 2007). The Harvard System uses an author-date system. There are two places in an academic work that citations and references are used, which are in the

Security in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Security in E-Business - Essay Example Information is a significant business asset for any online enterprise. Therefore, protecting it from other competitors in the market is relevant for a business organization. Security for e-business can suitably protect information from a number of threats while focusing on the following perspectives (â€Å"Protecting†, 2008).  In the age of the Internet, it is quite easy to create, alter and transmit information. Besides, â€Å"the advancement in computing capacity and interconnectivity has presented a situation where small efforts can cause potentially large losses† (Otuteye, 2003). That is why concern for information security is a must for all small and big e-business organizations.  There are numerous ways to attack an e-business setup by various hackers, competitors and even displeased insiders. e-business enterprises should conduct evaluation processes on their technological capabilities including multiple areas (â€Å"Approach to e-business security†, 2 007),  Security in e-business is an ongoing process that has to deal with both existing and new threats. A good security program always ensures continuous improvement. It is without the doubt that security does add to the cost of business at initial phases. But in the long run, it can do tremendously well in saving money, earning a good reputation as well as customers for the company. After all, what matters most at the end of e-business or generally any business enterprise is the trust and credibility one builds and maintains with customers and business partners.

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 3 Essay

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 3 - Essay Example The early phases of the operation should remarkably be more challenging, because educating the new recruits of their functions is fundamental move in organizing the new group. Training is necessary, because this is the only way that the entire operation will have to work out. It should be integrated in the training that the new recruits should work undercover, allowing their identities to be a secret even if the operation goes on for good in the future. The knowledge about the training should only be between the new recruits and a contract is necessary, in order to ensure the privacy of the entire operation. This means that prior to the training process the new recruits should have to sign something, signifying some legal actions to be taken against them once the knowledge of their group may prevail in public in the future. Keeping the identities of the new recruits secret is one challenging task of the management. This is therefore a kind of task that requires systematic approach, instead of only training and other relevant preliminary activities prior to the institution and actual operation. The content of the training should remarkably involve the rules, the actual operation and the entire view of what the tasks should be performed. The training should also become a venue for the employee to mature or provide maximum growth. Based on the point of view of quality circle programs, employees are given the opportunity for maximum growth, and at least have the chance for enhancing their ability to improve themselves, professionally and personally (Stojkovic, Kalinich & Klofas, 2012, p.149). The training should therefore provide essential programs that will provide a venue for the newly hired for the position to experience maximum growth and improve their ability to improve themselves both professionally and personally. The new assignment is a

A literature review

A literature review Abstract At the beginning, a literature review was conducted to identify the different between implementation of Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) and Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO). The certification process and conditions for the issuance of both certificate is studied. Besides, the forms used in both systems are studied. The problem of the implementation of CFO is clearly identified in the literature review. The comparison for both systems is based on the simplification of certification process, impact to the corruption level, impact to the foreign investment, integrity of architects, efficiency of public delivery system, attitude of officer in local government, overall duration of the project, duration of the house buyers to occupy their houses, and impact to the quality of works. In order to find out the information to support research title, questionnaire survey was conducted. The result of the analysis showed that the implementation of CCC is better than the implementation of CFO form the architects viewpoints. Therefore, conclusion has been drawn. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement The Government has an intention to create a more efficient public delivery system and reduce bureaucracy or red tape in local government with the implementation of CCC. Besides, implementation of CCC will provide better protection for house buyers. As a person that important role in housing development, what are the opinions and viewpoints of the professional architect after the CCC was implemented for two year and a half years in the industry. Is the implementation of CCC creates positive impacts to the housing industry. Question on Is the CCC system is better than the CFO system? is the main issue that needs to discuss in detail in this research. 1.2 Research Aim The aim of this research is to compare the implementation of CCC and implementation of CFO in housing development projects from Architects viewpoint. 1.3 Research Objective The objectives of this research are: To study the differences between the CFO system and CCC system. To find out the impact of the implementation of the CCC to the housing industry. To study the problem of the CFO system. 1.4 Introduction/ Background Study Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) came into force on April 12, 2007 in order to replace the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO). REHDA believes that implementation of the CCC would cause the technical aspects to be separated from the non-technical issues, increase efficiency and expediency in the construction of projects. Delays in construction and compliance costs can be reduced and house buyers will stand to benefit from CCC system. (Ng, 2007) Former Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting clarified that local authorities would not lose their power with the enforcement of the CCC. He said that under existing laws, local authorities would still have the power to stop the principal submitting person from issuing the CCC if they find any non-compliance of the work. Local authorities will still have to power to check buildings and ensure that the developers follow all the rules and regulations, he said. (The Star, 2007) PAM fully supports the governments decision to eradicate the local authorities issued CFO in 2006, when it will be substituted with the CCC to be issued by the professional architects to improve the efficiency and competitiveness in the public delivery system of the building industry. (Lai, 2007) 1.5 Benefit/Importance of Study The government can compare the result from the research with intention to determine the success of the new policy. The Government can know about the problem faced by the architects in the industry. Besides, the architects can realize about the opinion and viewpoint from other Architects about the CCC systems. Apart from that, the house buyer can have a detail comprehend to the CCC system. 1.6 Scope of Study The main focus of this research is to compare the implementation of CCC with the implementation of CFO. The study population will be limited to the professional architect. This is because professional architect is the most important person and act as PSP in most of the housing projects in Malaysia. The research will focus on opinion and viewpoint from the professional architect about the efficiency of the CCC system. The sampling population is the professional architects in the Klang Valley. This is because Klang Valley is one of the rapid developing areas in Malaysia. There are many architect firms in this area. The responds from the Architects selected may not fully represent the all Architects in the Malaysia. 1.7 Research Methodology 1.7.1 Questionnaire Questionnaire is my research methodology in this study. For this section, a set of question to be prepared and the questionnaire will been sent to the Architect firms by e-mail where the e-mail address of the Architect firms can obtain from http://vps.lam.gov.my/lam_ims_member/ index.php. Due to the time constraint, it is expected to receive only thirty sets of questionnaire from the respondents. So, a hundred and twenty sets of questionnaires will be sent to achieve this target. The quantitative analysis method is use to analysis the data collected from the Architects. 1.8.3 Literature Review A comprehensive review of the relevant literature including a computer assisted search will be undertaken in order to develop an understanding of provisions works relating to the Certificate of Completion and Compliance in construction. Materials have been selected based on the objective of the study. The following sources are found to be useful in providing an insight into the research topic: Journal published by professional bodies. Organization website such as PAM, LAM, REHDA, and HBA. All the magazine, pamphlet and articles are obtained from the organizations. Chapter 2: Comparison between Certificate of Fitness for Occupation System (CFO) and Certificate of Completion and Compliance System (CCC) CCC was implemented with intention to cut down on red-tape and ensure that house buyers and building owners get to move in as quickly as possible without compromising their safety (PAM, 2007). This system is consistent with the governments desire to encourage a self regulation approach which was introduced in the new National Economy Growth Planning strategy. This effort reflects the governments commitment to continuously enhance the service delivery system (The Malaysian Bar, 2007). In the past, LA will issue CFO after it has received application form (Form E) submitted by the Submitting Person. Several barriers were found in the process of the submission and receipt of the Form E by the LA. According to the PAM, the issuance of the CFO then poses many problems, such as delay in certification by technical agencies, additional conditions imposed by LA at the time of CFO application and lack of technical officers to process the CFO. CCC will only address technical aspects and so far as these are complied with and there is no apparent threat to safety then it can be issued. 2.1 Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO) System The Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO), an official document issued by the LA to acknowledge that a certain building is safe to be occupied. CFOs are issued to ensure that every house built conforms to the various prerequisites, approved layout and building plans and the by-laws. According to the Uniform Building By-laws 1994 (UBBL), no one can occupy or be allowed to occupy any part of a building unless a CFO or a temporary CFO has been issued. This is to make sure that owners do not move into houses that are unfit for human occupation. At the beginning of the development process, even before the local council approves the building plans, the latter have to be channelled to the following technical departments for scrutiny, such as: Jabatan Kerja Raya (Public Works Department) Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat (Fire and Rescue) Indah Water Konsortium Jabatan Perairan Saliran (Drainage Irrigation) Tenaga Nasional Bhd Jabatan Kesihatan (Health Department) Jabatan Bekalan Air (Water Supply Department) According to the Wang (1987), the local council whilst processing the building plans awaits the approval of the various plans by the various relevant departments. When all such the Acts/By-laws/Regulations, or by way of granting waivers to some specific areas that do not comply to the Acts/By-laws/Regulations due to acceptable reasons, the building plans can thus be approved. Normally one or more correction notices are sent by the Building Department to the applicant for the necessary corrections. The process usually takes a considerable period of time to complete. After the other requirements and formalities have been fulfilled, the developer/contractor then proceeds to build the houses. A registered architect supervises the building process. He also certifies the various stages of construction to the developer. So, the developer can pay the interim payment to the contractor. 2.1.1 Inspection on Completed Project When the construction is completed, meaning that the building, infrastructure and facilities for providing utilities (such as water reticulation and electricity sub-stations) are all in place and commissioned by the relevant authorities, the Practical Completion can be certified by the architect. Letters of support (surat sokongan) should obtain by the architect from the various technical departments, namely Building Department, Planning Department, Road drainage, landscaping, safety health, etc, certifying that the requirements for each respective department are fulfilled. Notice requesting inspection of the buildings for the issuance of the CFO should be lodged with the building authority so that final inspection may be carried out by the relevant authority. The relevant authority will inspect the buildings and the services to make sure they are constructed and installed in accordance with the approved drawings and in compliance with Acts, By-laws, Regulations and other special requirements as endorsed on the Development Order. The inspection by various Departments/ Divisions is a time consuming process, as the various inspections are usually carried out separately. After the inspections are carried out, the various departments will issue the latter of support to the architect. The architect will then submit application form together with all the letters of support, to the local council to apply for the issuance of the CFO. 2.1.2 Issuance of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO) Upon submission of Form E, the LA will have to reply whether to accept or reject the application of CFO within 14 days. In the event any of the departments do not issue latter of support to the said development, the local authority will reject the application within that 14 days and the developer have to go through the whole process again from submitting a fresh copy of Form E. In summary, the CFO is issued by the local authority after: the local authority receives the form E (UBBL) from the submitting person compliance of all requirements set up by the LA related technical agencies support letter are received LA has visited the site. 2.1.3 Problem of CFO System The objective of Government control on issuance of CFO is to ensure the regulating of standard of building including fire-prevention, provision of services, the standard of roads, drain and lighting. So the construction of building can be carried out in a systematic and orderly method. Yet on the other hand, in the process of issuance of CFO, it has imposed institutional rigidity and created procedural formality and red-tape, thus resulting in delay. On the question of discretionary power provided under the statutes, this can also go to extremities in freely exercising discretion or unwillingness to use discretion. In either case, it is not beneficial to the building process. The CFO system was overly cumbersome, time-consuming and subject to abuse. It was not unusual for inordinate delays to occur due to many factors including: Noncompliance by the developer for the submission of Form E and its enclosures to the LA. Additional conditions imposed by the LA at the time of application of CFO. The involvement of many technical agencies and the lack of technical officers to process the CFO. 2.1.4 Effect of CFO System to the House Buyer As the name implies, the CFO is a document that declares that a house is fit for occupation. Hence, without it, a buyer is not allowed to occupy his newest possession. It would not be unfair to say that most house buyers in Malaysia have been faced with the problem where they obtained the keys to their brand new homes but were unable to move in because there was no CFO. The rule in the Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Regulation 1966 allows developers to hand over vacant possession of houses to the house buyers even though the CFOs have not been issued. The distressing fact is that house buyers are forced to accept the keys to their new homes, although the CFO have not been issued. The Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Regulation 1966 stipulates that in the event of buyers failing to take over vacant possession 14 days after being notified by the developer, they are deemed to have taken over vacant possession of the houses. (National House Buyers Association, 2002) The irony is that they are not allowed from moving into their new homes because the CFOs have not been issued. As the result, from the date they take over or are deemed to have taken over their houses, they are full responsibility for the property. (National House Buyers Association, 2002) 2.1.5 Types of Form under CFO System Form A (Certification of Buildings/Structural Plans) to be submitted to the Local Authority for endorsement on plans to be submitted for approval. The submitting person wills certify the details in the plans are in accordance with the requirements on the town planning and building requirements. The submitted person wills accept full responsibility accordingly. Form B (Notice of Commencement/Resumption of Building Operations) to be submitted by the submitting person to the Local Authority to inform the local authority of the intention to commence or resume building operation according to the approval plans. Form C (Notice of Completion of Setting Out) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to certify that the setting out of the buildings is according to the approved plans. The submitting person will accepts responsibility of ensuring that the setting of the buildings will be in accordance with all the town planning and building requirements of the Building By-Laws. Form D (Notice of Completion of Foundations) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to give a notice to the local authority that the foundations of the buildings have been completed according to the approval plans. The submitting person will responsible that the works are compliance with the Building By-Laws. Form E (Application Form for Issue of CFO) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to apply for CFO. The submitting person will certify that the buildings have been completed in accordance with the approval plan. Besides, the submitting person will also certify that supervision of the erection and completion of the buildings had been carried out under his control are in accordance with the approved building and structural plans and generally in accordance with the specifications and sound engineering practice. He will accept responsibility accordingly for those portions with which he respectively concerned. 2.2 Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) System Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC), a new term introduced by the Street, Drainage and Building (Amendment) Act 2007 (Amendment Act), which enforced by the government on April 12, 2007. The CCC is introduced by the government to replace the CFO. The new CCC is issued by the private sector based on self-regulation. LAs transfer the responsibility to professionals. The professionals that can issue the CCC are architects, engineers and building draftsman. It looks for, cut red tape or bureaucracy in local government, enhance the efficiency of the public delivery system and provide better protection for house buyers. The CCC applies to new projects after the enforcement date while the project commenced before the enforcement date will still be issued with CFOs. Under CCC Issuance System, Development Order approval process and building plan approval process are still required. Development Order must obtain from the LA before the construction of the building is commenced. Besides, the building plan must approved by the all relevant technical agencies before the construction is commenced. 2.2.1 Principal submitting person (PSP) The CCC will be issued by a (PSP), which is a major change in the new system. The PSP is a professional who submits building plans to the LA for approval and registered under the relevant law relating to registration such as Architects Act 1967 or Registration of Engineers Act 1967(Revised 1974). Roles and responsibilities of PSP under implementation of CCC include the following: Present building plans to LA for approval Standardise preparations and presentation of building plan and other necessary plans Inform LA before commencement of construction operations at the site Supervise works at the site and ensure the compliance of the laws and technical requirements of the LA Report building breaches, explain reasons of breach and state recovery actions in the event of breach during constructions Present work resumption notice to LA Ensure non-compliance matters during construction such as rectification in the LA to PSP notice before the CCC is issued Issuing CCC to owners and developers and presenting a copy of the CCC to the LA and the relevant Professional Board Ensure verification of G forms are completed and in order and presenting a copy of the G forms to the LA and relevant Professional Board 2.2.2 Matrix of responsibility Under CFO system, the roles and responsible of the various party is not clearly indentify. To resolve this problem, stage certification is introduced according to the various stage of construction work. The process is based on matrix of responsibility. Ong (2007) notes that the implementation of CCC has introduced a matrix of responsibility to make all parties involved in the construction process accountable and responsible for their respective works. With the introduction of G forms whereby technical personnel are required to certified their respective work, these technical personnel will no longer able to load the responsibility to the architect or engineer who for practical reason cannot be checking every details on site. This has been practiced in Australia as the self regulatory system and it has been effective in producing the quality end product of building works. This process helps to identify and call to attention the various parties responsible in the complex delivery process of buildings. The CIDB registered contractor, licensed specialist contractors and professionals will now be called upon to take responsibility for their portions of the works. For example, the stage certification for internal sanitary plumping is certified by the sub-contractor (licensed plumber), and the professional architect or professional engineer. The professional is depending to the person who prepares the sanitary plumping drawing. There is possible time saved from previously having to the submitting of the application form for apply CFO. If a plumber certified internal sanitary plumping works is found to be defective or using substandard components not according to specification, he can easily be traced under this system for which action can be taken by authority such as suspension or de-registration of the plumbers licence. The same goes to other tradesmen or contractors. The introduction of this matrix of responsibility marks a new milestone in the self regulation of quality building works and hence quality property that should be the culture of the whole construction industry. For the purpose of inspection the non-compliance of work from the local authority, the PSP may inform the LA when the completion of the main construction stage. The three main construction stages are: Sub-structure work (Form G1-G3) Super-structure work (Form G4-G12) Internal and external services (From G13-G21) 2.2.3 Inspection by Local Authority (LA) According to the Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment 2007) (Act A1286), the LA is empowered under section 85A to direct inspection to be carried out on the building by the owner 10 years after CCC has been issued for the said building. The LA may inspect the building site at any time on its own initiative or due to complaints. Under section 70(23) of the Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment 2007) (Act A1286), in the event of failure to comply with the approved plans, the Act or by-laws in the erection and construction of the building, the LA may issue to the PSP: A written notice requiring compliance within a period in the notice specified by the LA A written directive to withhold the issuance of CCC until the non-compliance has been rectified. 2.2.3.1 PSP Rectify Non-compliance Under section 25(6) of the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) (Amendment 2007), after the receipt of the notice issued by the LA, the PSP shall within twenty-one days (21) or period approved by the LA rectify the failure or non-compliance. After the PSP has rectified the failure or non-compliance, he shall issue a notice to the local authority confirming that such rectification works have been satisfactorily completed. The UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that upon receipt of the notice, the LA shall within fourteen days (14) inspect the building to confirm that the failure or non-compliance has been satisfactorily rectified. When the LA is satisfied the rectification of the failure or non-compliance, the LA shall issue a written directive to the PSP to issue the CCC or partial CCC. When the LA does not carry out the inspection of rectification works within the period, the LA is deemed to be satisfied the rectification works of the non-compliance. 2.2.3.2 PSP Does Not Rectify the Non-compliance When the failure or non-compliance is not rectified by the PSP within the specified period, the LA may itself cause any work to be executed or any measure to be taken if it considers such work or measure is necessary to rectify the non-compliance. The cost for executing such work shall be borne by the owner of the building. The CCC or partial CCC shall not be issued by the PSP until all the rectification works of the failures or non-compliances has been satisfactorily completed. The LA is also responsible for approving permission of planning application and building plans, pressing charges against the PSP and professionals and reporting to the relevant professional board, inspection of old buildings and continuing to issue CFOs for projects approved before the CCCs date of enforcement. (Chen, 2007) 2.2.4 Issuance of Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) After the building is completed, the PSP can issue the CCC to certify the building is safe and comfort for the occupational. Conditions for the issuance of Certificate of Completion and Compliance are: When all the technical conditions required by the LA are complied. PSP certify and accept Form G1-G21. Confirmation of Six essential services for the issuance of CCC: Electrical supply (TNB) are confirmed Water supply are confirmed Connection to sewerage treatment plant or mains are confirmed Clearance from lifts and machinery department, if applicable Clearances for active fire fighting systems except for residential buildings not more than 18m high) (Bomba) Roads Drainage When the non-compliance of work is rectified by the PSP. The PSP certifies that the building is constructed under his supervision and the buildings have been completed according to the approval plans and compliance with the Building By-Laws. UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that the PSP shall accept full responsibility for the issuance of the CCC and he certifies that the building is safe and fit for occupation. 2.2.5 Issuance of Vacant Possession (VP) Together with CCC Housing Development (Control and Licensing) (Amendment) Act 2007 states that the delivery of vacant possession by the Vendor shall be supported by a CCC) certifying that the building is safe and fit for occupation. As the result, the developer shall let the purchaser occupy the house when the CCC has been issued by the developers architect. The purchaser may immediately occupy the property as the CFO is no longer required. (Wong, 2008) 2.2.7 Types of Form under CCC System Under implementation of CCC, the Form A (Certification of Buildings/Structural Plans) and Form B (Notice of Commencement/Resumption of Building Operations) are remained and serve the same function as Form A and Form B under implementation of CFO. The Second Schedule of the UBBL is amended by deleting Forms C, D and E. Form F is substituted with the new Form F and F1. The new forms, Form G1-G21 were introduced with the implementation of CCC. Form Gs are stage certification for twenty-one (21) component of work (refer to table 2.1). The Form C and Form D under CFO issuance system are replaced by the Form G2 and Form G3 respectively. The Form Gs must certified by the parties involved in the each component of work. They will certify that the each component of work is constructed according to the approval plans. Besides, they will also fully responsible for the construction and completion for the work. Under CCC insurance system, the Form E is deleted. The PSP can issue the Form F (Certificate of Completion and Compliance) when he satisfy with the construction of the building. He will certify that the construction of the building is accordance to the approved building and structure plans. He will fully responsible for the construction of the building. UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that the PSP shall deposit a copy of the certificate and the Form G1-G21 with the LA and the Board of Architects Malaysia or Board of Engineers Malaysia within fourteen (14) days from the issuance of the CCC. The PSP may issue a partial CCC in Form F1 as set out in the Second Schedule of UBBL (Amendment 2007) in respect of any part of a building partially completed subject to any condition imposed by the LA which it deems necessary for reasons of public health and safety. A partial CCC once issued shall remain effective until the whole of the building is completed and a CCC is issued. 2.2.8 Acts Amended to Prevent Wrong Certification Under the self-certification system, a heavier responsibility will be placed upon the PSP to uphold trust and integrity. However, as the professional fees are currently being paid by the developers to the consultants, the public may get the perception that PSP may not be independent and can be influenced by their developer client to certify and issue the CCC in advance. (Lai, 2007) As a result, several acts are amended to eliminate this perception and prevent wrong certification. 2.2.8.1 Uniform Building By-Law (Amendment 2007) 2.2.8.2 Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment) 2007 2.2.8.3 Architects Act 1967 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction There are two types of approaches that commonly used for dissertation, quantitative approach and qualitative approach. Quantitative approach is used for this dissertation. The quantitative approach involves analysis of numerical data. Data is in the form of numbers and statistics. Data collected by using tools, such as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data. 3.2 Questionnaire Survey Questionnaire is a written list of questions, the answer to which recorded by respondents. In a questionnaire respondents read the question, interpret what is expected and then write down the answers. The questionnaire for this dissertation consists of 6 questions. The respondents are the Registered Architect around the Klang Valley. The questionnaires are sent to the respondent by post. Due to the time limitation, 30 respondents are selected as sample size for this dissertation. The questions are set with mixture of closed-end question and opened end question. There is only 1 closed-end question asking about the general opinion about the replacement of CFO with CCC. This question is optional for the respondents to give the answer. Most of the questions are set under closed-end question to control the data collected and more favourable to the respondent. The data is controlled to make the analysis of data is more easy. The questionnaires attach with a cover and authorised letter from the College. The primary objective of a cover letter is to tell the respondents the purpose of the questionnaire and to request that they participate. The purpose of the study should be stated clearly and simply. 3.2.1 Follow-up Procedures. Nearly all surveys which are serious in nature follow up the initial questionnaires with two o three additional mailings as well as telephone calls to increase the overall response rate. Generally, the second follow-up occurs two or three weeks after the initial survey was sent out. Telephone call is used for the follow-up procedures. 3.2.2 Advantages of Questionnaire Questionnaires are economical, in the sense that they can supply a considerable amount of research data for a relatively low cost in terms of materials, money and time. Questionnaires supply standardised answer, to the extent that all respondents are posted with exactly the same questions. The data collected are very unlikely to be contaminated with the researcher through variations in the wording of the questions or the manner in which the questions is asked. There is little scope for the data to be affected by interpersonal factors. The questionnaires encourage pre-coded answers. This is not an essential facet of questionnaires, because unstructured answers can be sought. However, the value of the data is likely to be greatest where respondents provide answers that fit into range of options offered by the researcher. 3.2.3 Design for Questions <