Security in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Security in E-Business - Essay Example Information is a significant business asset for any online enterprise. Therefore, protecting it from other competitors in the market is relevant for a business organization. Security for e-business can suitably protect information from a number of threats while focusing on the following perspectives (â€Å"Protecting†, 2008).  In the age of the Internet, it is quite easy to create, alter and transmit information. Besides, â€Å"the advancement in computing capacity and interconnectivity has presented a situation where small efforts can cause potentially large losses† (Otuteye, 2003). That is why concern for information security is a must for all small and big e-business organizations.  There are numerous ways to attack an e-business setup by various hackers, competitors and even displeased insiders. e-business enterprises should conduct evaluation processes on their technological capabilities including multiple areas (â€Å"Approach to e-business security†, 2 007),  Security in e-business is an ongoing process that has to deal with both existing and new threats. A good security program always ensures continuous improvement. It is without the doubt that security does add to the cost of business at initial phases. But in the long run, it can do tremendously well in saving money, earning a good reputation as well as customers for the company. After all, what matters most at the end of e-business or generally any business enterprise is the trust and credibility one builds and maintains with customers and business partners.

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 3 Essay

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 3 - Essay Example The early phases of the operation should remarkably be more challenging, because educating the new recruits of their functions is fundamental move in organizing the new group. Training is necessary, because this is the only way that the entire operation will have to work out. It should be integrated in the training that the new recruits should work undercover, allowing their identities to be a secret even if the operation goes on for good in the future. The knowledge about the training should only be between the new recruits and a contract is necessary, in order to ensure the privacy of the entire operation. This means that prior to the training process the new recruits should have to sign something, signifying some legal actions to be taken against them once the knowledge of their group may prevail in public in the future. Keeping the identities of the new recruits secret is one challenging task of the management. This is therefore a kind of task that requires systematic approach, instead of only training and other relevant preliminary activities prior to the institution and actual operation. The content of the training should remarkably involve the rules, the actual operation and the entire view of what the tasks should be performed. The training should also become a venue for the employee to mature or provide maximum growth. Based on the point of view of quality circle programs, employees are given the opportunity for maximum growth, and at least have the chance for enhancing their ability to improve themselves, professionally and personally (Stojkovic, Kalinich & Klofas, 2012, p.149). The training should therefore provide essential programs that will provide a venue for the newly hired for the position to experience maximum growth and improve their ability to improve themselves both professionally and personally. The new assignment is a

A literature review

A literature review Abstract At the beginning, a literature review was conducted to identify the different between implementation of Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) and Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO). The certification process and conditions for the issuance of both certificate is studied. Besides, the forms used in both systems are studied. The problem of the implementation of CFO is clearly identified in the literature review. The comparison for both systems is based on the simplification of certification process, impact to the corruption level, impact to the foreign investment, integrity of architects, efficiency of public delivery system, attitude of officer in local government, overall duration of the project, duration of the house buyers to occupy their houses, and impact to the quality of works. In order to find out the information to support research title, questionnaire survey was conducted. The result of the analysis showed that the implementation of CCC is better than the implementation of CFO form the architects viewpoints. Therefore, conclusion has been drawn. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement The Government has an intention to create a more efficient public delivery system and reduce bureaucracy or red tape in local government with the implementation of CCC. Besides, implementation of CCC will provide better protection for house buyers. As a person that important role in housing development, what are the opinions and viewpoints of the professional architect after the CCC was implemented for two year and a half years in the industry. Is the implementation of CCC creates positive impacts to the housing industry. Question on Is the CCC system is better than the CFO system? is the main issue that needs to discuss in detail in this research. 1.2 Research Aim The aim of this research is to compare the implementation of CCC and implementation of CFO in housing development projects from Architects viewpoint. 1.3 Research Objective The objectives of this research are: To study the differences between the CFO system and CCC system. To find out the impact of the implementation of the CCC to the housing industry. To study the problem of the CFO system. 1.4 Introduction/ Background Study Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) came into force on April 12, 2007 in order to replace the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO). REHDA believes that implementation of the CCC would cause the technical aspects to be separated from the non-technical issues, increase efficiency and expediency in the construction of projects. Delays in construction and compliance costs can be reduced and house buyers will stand to benefit from CCC system. (Ng, 2007) Former Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting clarified that local authorities would not lose their power with the enforcement of the CCC. He said that under existing laws, local authorities would still have the power to stop the principal submitting person from issuing the CCC if they find any non-compliance of the work. Local authorities will still have to power to check buildings and ensure that the developers follow all the rules and regulations, he said. (The Star, 2007) PAM fully supports the governments decision to eradicate the local authorities issued CFO in 2006, when it will be substituted with the CCC to be issued by the professional architects to improve the efficiency and competitiveness in the public delivery system of the building industry. (Lai, 2007) 1.5 Benefit/Importance of Study The government can compare the result from the research with intention to determine the success of the new policy. The Government can know about the problem faced by the architects in the industry. Besides, the architects can realize about the opinion and viewpoint from other Architects about the CCC systems. Apart from that, the house buyer can have a detail comprehend to the CCC system. 1.6 Scope of Study The main focus of this research is to compare the implementation of CCC with the implementation of CFO. The study population will be limited to the professional architect. This is because professional architect is the most important person and act as PSP in most of the housing projects in Malaysia. The research will focus on opinion and viewpoint from the professional architect about the efficiency of the CCC system. The sampling population is the professional architects in the Klang Valley. This is because Klang Valley is one of the rapid developing areas in Malaysia. There are many architect firms in this area. The responds from the Architects selected may not fully represent the all Architects in the Malaysia. 1.7 Research Methodology 1.7.1 Questionnaire Questionnaire is my research methodology in this study. For this section, a set of question to be prepared and the questionnaire will been sent to the Architect firms by e-mail where the e-mail address of the Architect firms can obtain from http://vps.lam.gov.my/lam_ims_member/ index.php. Due to the time constraint, it is expected to receive only thirty sets of questionnaire from the respondents. So, a hundred and twenty sets of questionnaires will be sent to achieve this target. The quantitative analysis method is use to analysis the data collected from the Architects. 1.8.3 Literature Review A comprehensive review of the relevant literature including a computer assisted search will be undertaken in order to develop an understanding of provisions works relating to the Certificate of Completion and Compliance in construction. Materials have been selected based on the objective of the study. The following sources are found to be useful in providing an insight into the research topic: Journal published by professional bodies. Organization website such as PAM, LAM, REHDA, and HBA. All the magazine, pamphlet and articles are obtained from the organizations. Chapter 2: Comparison between Certificate of Fitness for Occupation System (CFO) and Certificate of Completion and Compliance System (CCC) CCC was implemented with intention to cut down on red-tape and ensure that house buyers and building owners get to move in as quickly as possible without compromising their safety (PAM, 2007). This system is consistent with the governments desire to encourage a self regulation approach which was introduced in the new National Economy Growth Planning strategy. This effort reflects the governments commitment to continuously enhance the service delivery system (The Malaysian Bar, 2007). In the past, LA will issue CFO after it has received application form (Form E) submitted by the Submitting Person. Several barriers were found in the process of the submission and receipt of the Form E by the LA. According to the PAM, the issuance of the CFO then poses many problems, such as delay in certification by technical agencies, additional conditions imposed by LA at the time of CFO application and lack of technical officers to process the CFO. CCC will only address technical aspects and so far as these are complied with and there is no apparent threat to safety then it can be issued. 2.1 Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO) System The Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO), an official document issued by the LA to acknowledge that a certain building is safe to be occupied. CFOs are issued to ensure that every house built conforms to the various prerequisites, approved layout and building plans and the by-laws. According to the Uniform Building By-laws 1994 (UBBL), no one can occupy or be allowed to occupy any part of a building unless a CFO or a temporary CFO has been issued. This is to make sure that owners do not move into houses that are unfit for human occupation. At the beginning of the development process, even before the local council approves the building plans, the latter have to be channelled to the following technical departments for scrutiny, such as: Jabatan Kerja Raya (Public Works Department) Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat (Fire and Rescue) Indah Water Konsortium Jabatan Perairan Saliran (Drainage Irrigation) Tenaga Nasional Bhd Jabatan Kesihatan (Health Department) Jabatan Bekalan Air (Water Supply Department) According to the Wang (1987), the local council whilst processing the building plans awaits the approval of the various plans by the various relevant departments. When all such the Acts/By-laws/Regulations, or by way of granting waivers to some specific areas that do not comply to the Acts/By-laws/Regulations due to acceptable reasons, the building plans can thus be approved. Normally one or more correction notices are sent by the Building Department to the applicant for the necessary corrections. The process usually takes a considerable period of time to complete. After the other requirements and formalities have been fulfilled, the developer/contractor then proceeds to build the houses. A registered architect supervises the building process. He also certifies the various stages of construction to the developer. So, the developer can pay the interim payment to the contractor. 2.1.1 Inspection on Completed Project When the construction is completed, meaning that the building, infrastructure and facilities for providing utilities (such as water reticulation and electricity sub-stations) are all in place and commissioned by the relevant authorities, the Practical Completion can be certified by the architect. Letters of support (surat sokongan) should obtain by the architect from the various technical departments, namely Building Department, Planning Department, Road drainage, landscaping, safety health, etc, certifying that the requirements for each respective department are fulfilled. Notice requesting inspection of the buildings for the issuance of the CFO should be lodged with the building authority so that final inspection may be carried out by the relevant authority. The relevant authority will inspect the buildings and the services to make sure they are constructed and installed in accordance with the approved drawings and in compliance with Acts, By-laws, Regulations and other special requirements as endorsed on the Development Order. The inspection by various Departments/ Divisions is a time consuming process, as the various inspections are usually carried out separately. After the inspections are carried out, the various departments will issue the latter of support to the architect. The architect will then submit application form together with all the letters of support, to the local council to apply for the issuance of the CFO. 2.1.2 Issuance of Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO) Upon submission of Form E, the LA will have to reply whether to accept or reject the application of CFO within 14 days. In the event any of the departments do not issue latter of support to the said development, the local authority will reject the application within that 14 days and the developer have to go through the whole process again from submitting a fresh copy of Form E. In summary, the CFO is issued by the local authority after: the local authority receives the form E (UBBL) from the submitting person compliance of all requirements set up by the LA related technical agencies support letter are received LA has visited the site. 2.1.3 Problem of CFO System The objective of Government control on issuance of CFO is to ensure the regulating of standard of building including fire-prevention, provision of services, the standard of roads, drain and lighting. So the construction of building can be carried out in a systematic and orderly method. Yet on the other hand, in the process of issuance of CFO, it has imposed institutional rigidity and created procedural formality and red-tape, thus resulting in delay. On the question of discretionary power provided under the statutes, this can also go to extremities in freely exercising discretion or unwillingness to use discretion. In either case, it is not beneficial to the building process. The CFO system was overly cumbersome, time-consuming and subject to abuse. It was not unusual for inordinate delays to occur due to many factors including: Noncompliance by the developer for the submission of Form E and its enclosures to the LA. Additional conditions imposed by the LA at the time of application of CFO. The involvement of many technical agencies and the lack of technical officers to process the CFO. 2.1.4 Effect of CFO System to the House Buyer As the name implies, the CFO is a document that declares that a house is fit for occupation. Hence, without it, a buyer is not allowed to occupy his newest possession. It would not be unfair to say that most house buyers in Malaysia have been faced with the problem where they obtained the keys to their brand new homes but were unable to move in because there was no CFO. The rule in the Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Regulation 1966 allows developers to hand over vacant possession of houses to the house buyers even though the CFOs have not been issued. The distressing fact is that house buyers are forced to accept the keys to their new homes, although the CFO have not been issued. The Housing Development (Control and Licensing) Regulation 1966 stipulates that in the event of buyers failing to take over vacant possession 14 days after being notified by the developer, they are deemed to have taken over vacant possession of the houses. (National House Buyers Association, 2002) The irony is that they are not allowed from moving into their new homes because the CFOs have not been issued. As the result, from the date they take over or are deemed to have taken over their houses, they are full responsibility for the property. (National House Buyers Association, 2002) 2.1.5 Types of Form under CFO System Form A (Certification of Buildings/Structural Plans) to be submitted to the Local Authority for endorsement on plans to be submitted for approval. The submitting person wills certify the details in the plans are in accordance with the requirements on the town planning and building requirements. The submitted person wills accept full responsibility accordingly. Form B (Notice of Commencement/Resumption of Building Operations) to be submitted by the submitting person to the Local Authority to inform the local authority of the intention to commence or resume building operation according to the approval plans. Form C (Notice of Completion of Setting Out) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to certify that the setting out of the buildings is according to the approved plans. The submitting person will accepts responsibility of ensuring that the setting of the buildings will be in accordance with all the town planning and building requirements of the Building By-Laws. Form D (Notice of Completion of Foundations) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to give a notice to the local authority that the foundations of the buildings have been completed according to the approval plans. The submitting person will responsible that the works are compliance with the Building By-Laws. Form E (Application Form for Issue of CFO) to be submitted to the Local Authority by the submitting person to apply for CFO. The submitting person will certify that the buildings have been completed in accordance with the approval plan. Besides, the submitting person will also certify that supervision of the erection and completion of the buildings had been carried out under his control are in accordance with the approved building and structural plans and generally in accordance with the specifications and sound engineering practice. He will accept responsibility accordingly for those portions with which he respectively concerned. 2.2 Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) System Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC), a new term introduced by the Street, Drainage and Building (Amendment) Act 2007 (Amendment Act), which enforced by the government on April 12, 2007. The CCC is introduced by the government to replace the CFO. The new CCC is issued by the private sector based on self-regulation. LAs transfer the responsibility to professionals. The professionals that can issue the CCC are architects, engineers and building draftsman. It looks for, cut red tape or bureaucracy in local government, enhance the efficiency of the public delivery system and provide better protection for house buyers. The CCC applies to new projects after the enforcement date while the project commenced before the enforcement date will still be issued with CFOs. Under CCC Issuance System, Development Order approval process and building plan approval process are still required. Development Order must obtain from the LA before the construction of the building is commenced. Besides, the building plan must approved by the all relevant technical agencies before the construction is commenced. 2.2.1 Principal submitting person (PSP) The CCC will be issued by a (PSP), which is a major change in the new system. The PSP is a professional who submits building plans to the LA for approval and registered under the relevant law relating to registration such as Architects Act 1967 or Registration of Engineers Act 1967(Revised 1974). Roles and responsibilities of PSP under implementation of CCC include the following: Present building plans to LA for approval Standardise preparations and presentation of building plan and other necessary plans Inform LA before commencement of construction operations at the site Supervise works at the site and ensure the compliance of the laws and technical requirements of the LA Report building breaches, explain reasons of breach and state recovery actions in the event of breach during constructions Present work resumption notice to LA Ensure non-compliance matters during construction such as rectification in the LA to PSP notice before the CCC is issued Issuing CCC to owners and developers and presenting a copy of the CCC to the LA and the relevant Professional Board Ensure verification of G forms are completed and in order and presenting a copy of the G forms to the LA and relevant Professional Board 2.2.2 Matrix of responsibility Under CFO system, the roles and responsible of the various party is not clearly indentify. To resolve this problem, stage certification is introduced according to the various stage of construction work. The process is based on matrix of responsibility. Ong (2007) notes that the implementation of CCC has introduced a matrix of responsibility to make all parties involved in the construction process accountable and responsible for their respective works. With the introduction of G forms whereby technical personnel are required to certified their respective work, these technical personnel will no longer able to load the responsibility to the architect or engineer who for practical reason cannot be checking every details on site. This has been practiced in Australia as the self regulatory system and it has been effective in producing the quality end product of building works. This process helps to identify and call to attention the various parties responsible in the complex delivery process of buildings. The CIDB registered contractor, licensed specialist contractors and professionals will now be called upon to take responsibility for their portions of the works. For example, the stage certification for internal sanitary plumping is certified by the sub-contractor (licensed plumber), and the professional architect or professional engineer. The professional is depending to the person who prepares the sanitary plumping drawing. There is possible time saved from previously having to the submitting of the application form for apply CFO. If a plumber certified internal sanitary plumping works is found to be defective or using substandard components not according to specification, he can easily be traced under this system for which action can be taken by authority such as suspension or de-registration of the plumbers licence. The same goes to other tradesmen or contractors. The introduction of this matrix of responsibility marks a new milestone in the self regulation of quality building works and hence quality property that should be the culture of the whole construction industry. For the purpose of inspection the non-compliance of work from the local authority, the PSP may inform the LA when the completion of the main construction stage. The three main construction stages are: Sub-structure work (Form G1-G3) Super-structure work (Form G4-G12) Internal and external services (From G13-G21) 2.2.3 Inspection by Local Authority (LA) According to the Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment 2007) (Act A1286), the LA is empowered under section 85A to direct inspection to be carried out on the building by the owner 10 years after CCC has been issued for the said building. The LA may inspect the building site at any time on its own initiative or due to complaints. Under section 70(23) of the Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment 2007) (Act A1286), in the event of failure to comply with the approved plans, the Act or by-laws in the erection and construction of the building, the LA may issue to the PSP: A written notice requiring compliance within a period in the notice specified by the LA A written directive to withhold the issuance of CCC until the non-compliance has been rectified. 2.2.3.1 PSP Rectify Non-compliance Under section 25(6) of the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) (Amendment 2007), after the receipt of the notice issued by the LA, the PSP shall within twenty-one days (21) or period approved by the LA rectify the failure or non-compliance. After the PSP has rectified the failure or non-compliance, he shall issue a notice to the local authority confirming that such rectification works have been satisfactorily completed. The UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that upon receipt of the notice, the LA shall within fourteen days (14) inspect the building to confirm that the failure or non-compliance has been satisfactorily rectified. When the LA is satisfied the rectification of the failure or non-compliance, the LA shall issue a written directive to the PSP to issue the CCC or partial CCC. When the LA does not carry out the inspection of rectification works within the period, the LA is deemed to be satisfied the rectification works of the non-compliance. 2.2.3.2 PSP Does Not Rectify the Non-compliance When the failure or non-compliance is not rectified by the PSP within the specified period, the LA may itself cause any work to be executed or any measure to be taken if it considers such work or measure is necessary to rectify the non-compliance. The cost for executing such work shall be borne by the owner of the building. The CCC or partial CCC shall not be issued by the PSP until all the rectification works of the failures or non-compliances has been satisfactorily completed. The LA is also responsible for approving permission of planning application and building plans, pressing charges against the PSP and professionals and reporting to the relevant professional board, inspection of old buildings and continuing to issue CFOs for projects approved before the CCCs date of enforcement. (Chen, 2007) 2.2.4 Issuance of Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) After the building is completed, the PSP can issue the CCC to certify the building is safe and comfort for the occupational. Conditions for the issuance of Certificate of Completion and Compliance are: When all the technical conditions required by the LA are complied. PSP certify and accept Form G1-G21. Confirmation of Six essential services for the issuance of CCC: Electrical supply (TNB) are confirmed Water supply are confirmed Connection to sewerage treatment plant or mains are confirmed Clearance from lifts and machinery department, if applicable Clearances for active fire fighting systems except for residential buildings not more than 18m high) (Bomba) Roads Drainage When the non-compliance of work is rectified by the PSP. The PSP certifies that the building is constructed under his supervision and the buildings have been completed according to the approval plans and compliance with the Building By-Laws. UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that the PSP shall accept full responsibility for the issuance of the CCC and he certifies that the building is safe and fit for occupation. 2.2.5 Issuance of Vacant Possession (VP) Together with CCC Housing Development (Control and Licensing) (Amendment) Act 2007 states that the delivery of vacant possession by the Vendor shall be supported by a CCC) certifying that the building is safe and fit for occupation. As the result, the developer shall let the purchaser occupy the house when the CCC has been issued by the developers architect. The purchaser may immediately occupy the property as the CFO is no longer required. (Wong, 2008) 2.2.7 Types of Form under CCC System Under implementation of CCC, the Form A (Certification of Buildings/Structural Plans) and Form B (Notice of Commencement/Resumption of Building Operations) are remained and serve the same function as Form A and Form B under implementation of CFO. The Second Schedule of the UBBL is amended by deleting Forms C, D and E. Form F is substituted with the new Form F and F1. The new forms, Form G1-G21 were introduced with the implementation of CCC. Form Gs are stage certification for twenty-one (21) component of work (refer to table 2.1). The Form C and Form D under CFO issuance system are replaced by the Form G2 and Form G3 respectively. The Form Gs must certified by the parties involved in the each component of work. They will certify that the each component of work is constructed according to the approval plans. Besides, they will also fully responsible for the construction and completion for the work. Under CCC insurance system, the Form E is deleted. The PSP can issue the Form F (Certificate of Completion and Compliance) when he satisfy with the construction of the building. He will certify that the construction of the building is accordance to the approved building and structure plans. He will fully responsible for the construction of the building. UBBL (Amendment 2007) states that the PSP shall deposit a copy of the certificate and the Form G1-G21 with the LA and the Board of Architects Malaysia or Board of Engineers Malaysia within fourteen (14) days from the issuance of the CCC. The PSP may issue a partial CCC in Form F1 as set out in the Second Schedule of UBBL (Amendment 2007) in respect of any part of a building partially completed subject to any condition imposed by the LA which it deems necessary for reasons of public health and safety. A partial CCC once issued shall remain effective until the whole of the building is completed and a CCC is issued. 2.2.8 Acts Amended to Prevent Wrong Certification Under the self-certification system, a heavier responsibility will be placed upon the PSP to uphold trust and integrity. However, as the professional fees are currently being paid by the developers to the consultants, the public may get the perception that PSP may not be independent and can be influenced by their developer client to certify and issue the CCC in advance. (Lai, 2007) As a result, several acts are amended to eliminate this perception and prevent wrong certification. 2.2.8.1 Uniform Building By-Law (Amendment 2007) 2.2.8.2 Street, Drainage and Building Act (Amendment) 2007 2.2.8.3 Architects Act 1967 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction There are two types of approaches that commonly used for dissertation, quantitative approach and qualitative approach. Quantitative approach is used for this dissertation. The quantitative approach involves analysis of numerical data. Data is in the form of numbers and statistics. Data collected by using tools, such as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data. 3.2 Questionnaire Survey Questionnaire is a written list of questions, the answer to which recorded by respondents. In a questionnaire respondents read the question, interpret what is expected and then write down the answers. The questionnaire for this dissertation consists of 6 questions. The respondents are the Registered Architect around the Klang Valley. The questionnaires are sent to the respondent by post. Due to the time limitation, 30 respondents are selected as sample size for this dissertation. The questions are set with mixture of closed-end question and opened end question. There is only 1 closed-end question asking about the general opinion about the replacement of CFO with CCC. This question is optional for the respondents to give the answer. Most of the questions are set under closed-end question to control the data collected and more favourable to the respondent. The data is controlled to make the analysis of data is more easy. The questionnaires attach with a cover and authorised letter from the College. The primary objective of a cover letter is to tell the respondents the purpose of the questionnaire and to request that they participate. The purpose of the study should be stated clearly and simply. 3.2.1 Follow-up Procedures. Nearly all surveys which are serious in nature follow up the initial questionnaires with two o three additional mailings as well as telephone calls to increase the overall response rate. Generally, the second follow-up occurs two or three weeks after the initial survey was sent out. Telephone call is used for the follow-up procedures. 3.2.2 Advantages of Questionnaire Questionnaires are economical, in the sense that they can supply a considerable amount of research data for a relatively low cost in terms of materials, money and time. Questionnaires supply standardised answer, to the extent that all respondents are posted with exactly the same questions. The data collected are very unlikely to be contaminated with the researcher through variations in the wording of the questions or the manner in which the questions is asked. There is little scope for the data to be affected by interpersonal factors. The questionnaires encourage pre-coded answers. This is not an essential facet of questionnaires, because unstructured answers can be sought. However, the value of the data is likely to be greatest where respondents provide answers that fit into range of options offered by the researcher. 3.2.3 Design for Questions <

Charles Augustin Coulomb :: biographies biography bio

Missing Figures and Images During the life of Charles Augustin Coulomb, he would play important roles in the developments in physics, engineering, and experimental instruments. Coulomb was born in 1736 in the Languedoc region of France, but spent much of his early life in Paris and Montpellier. In 1760, at the age of 24 he was accepted into Ecole du Genie, an army engineering school in France. Once he was completed with school, he was first deployed to Brest as a military engineer. In 1764 he was sent to Martinique in the West Indies. There he was put in charge of building the new Fort Bourbon to attempt to make the island more secure. While in the West Indies, Coulomb would demonstrate his engineering skills and technical knowledge which he would later recall in his memoirs. The weather of Martinique was not hospitable to Coulomb, with him being ill much of his tour of duty. After nine years he was forced to return to France because these health issues. Upon returning to France Coulomb would take an interest in the recent research concerning electricity. Which would eventually lead to the development of the torsion balance and the discovery of the relation which would become known as Coulomb's Law. When Coulomb began his research into electric force (which would become known as Coulomb's law), Newton's law of universal gravitation had already discovered. As it would turn out electrical forces would parallel Newton's discovery in many ways. With both Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation being proportional to inverse squared relationships. Coulomb's work would become one of the first cases where electric charge was measured quantitatively. In the 1740's electricity was beginning to become well know. By the 1750's, Benjamin Franklin's had shown that lightning was an electrical phenomenon thereby proving that that electricity did exist in nature. Franklin's work became an inspiration to others and spawned research into the study of electricity and measurement of it. Instruments which could indicate electricity had existed since the 1730's, however these tools did not approach real qualitative measurements. John Canton introduced an improved electrical indicator in 1753. Others such as Tiberius Cavallo of Italy concentrated their efforts atmospheric electricity, producing tools which could indicate the presence of electricity, but were a long way from quantitative measurements. Charles Augustin Coulomb :: biographies biography bio Missing Figures and Images During the life of Charles Augustin Coulomb, he would play important roles in the developments in physics, engineering, and experimental instruments. Coulomb was born in 1736 in the Languedoc region of France, but spent much of his early life in Paris and Montpellier. In 1760, at the age of 24 he was accepted into Ecole du Genie, an army engineering school in France. Once he was completed with school, he was first deployed to Brest as a military engineer. In 1764 he was sent to Martinique in the West Indies. There he was put in charge of building the new Fort Bourbon to attempt to make the island more secure. While in the West Indies, Coulomb would demonstrate his engineering skills and technical knowledge which he would later recall in his memoirs. The weather of Martinique was not hospitable to Coulomb, with him being ill much of his tour of duty. After nine years he was forced to return to France because these health issues. Upon returning to France Coulomb would take an interest in the recent research concerning electricity. Which would eventually lead to the development of the torsion balance and the discovery of the relation which would become known as Coulomb's Law. When Coulomb began his research into electric force (which would become known as Coulomb's law), Newton's law of universal gravitation had already discovered. As it would turn out electrical forces would parallel Newton's discovery in many ways. With both Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation being proportional to inverse squared relationships. Coulomb's work would become one of the first cases where electric charge was measured quantitatively. In the 1740's electricity was beginning to become well know. By the 1750's, Benjamin Franklin's had shown that lightning was an electrical phenomenon thereby proving that that electricity did exist in nature. Franklin's work became an inspiration to others and spawned research into the study of electricity and measurement of it. Instruments which could indicate electricity had existed since the 1730's, however these tools did not approach real qualitative measurements. John Canton introduced an improved electrical indicator in 1753. Others such as Tiberius Cavallo of Italy concentrated their efforts atmospheric electricity, producing tools which could indicate the presence of electricity, but were a long way from quantitative measurements.

Managing Change in the Workplace Essay

To begin the critical analysis of how a change of event in the work place reflects upon, not only the management of the change process but also the impact that change can have upon the organisation and the quality of the service provided. Firstly it may be worth nothing the definition of ‘change’ is quoted in Webster’s English Dictionary as †¦. â€Å"Change (transitive verb) to make different, to alter; to transform; to exchange; to put fresh clothes on. (2006 p73) As a manager of a setting one’s personal experience would tell that there are many different types of ‘change’ that can arise in a private day nursery, one example has recently occurred where two qualified members of the team, who both worked together in the baby room, terminated their contract of employment within weeks of each other. This became a problem as it only gave the company four weeks to: advertise the position, interview candidates and compare them to the person specification required for the job, then upon occupying the positions the new recruits needed to learn the everyday practices and bond with the children and of course the parents, who maybe understandably concerned with the issue. Therefore the process of change has to be organised to make the transition a smooth one. However as people we exist within contradiction. On the one hand, we need stability and security to perform well but on the other hand we can become stagnant, complacent and uncreative when we shy away from change or even when we find we simply cannot cope with it. It seems that we are more interested in the process of change and what the implications of change actually are. As there is no way of predicting when change will happen, as a manager it is better to be equipped to deal with it when it does. Any manager will tell you that in the nursery world staff turnover can be high. Therefore being better equipped will also create an environment where change is a natural and exciting ‘organic’ process. (Cole 2006 p.111) Consequently a manager needs to begin looking at the limitations they unconsciously place upon themselves. The greater our own understanding of how we are affected by change and how we react to it, the better prepared we will be to deal with it – whether that change is by our own choice or someone else’s. (Mabey and Mayon-White, 1993 p8) Before looking at change management, it is important to mention that some people thrive on change. They can not stay in one job, in one relationship or in one country for very long. They need to shake up their own status quo. They sometimes create change just for the sake of it (Cannon. 1994 p 246) This on the other hand can cause problems to other people within the setting; people are pattern-making mechanisms. In general, our systems are more comfortable with pattern and routine than with change. Once a pattern is established, the left side of our brains (the logical, analytical, pattern-making sphere) will quite happily keep marching along that path. (Veccio1988 p 34) Any type of change that occurs asks us to change a point of view and adopt a way of seeing the world that is at odds with the way we are used to seeing it, thus causing us to tap into our insecurities. We can develop a feeling of unsure-ness, a sense of not quite knowing what the is ‘right’ thing to do. There is no longer a predictable, reliable pattern to follow, and where children are concerned, parents have to deal with these insecurities and worries immediately, simply being a voice for their children. One of the challenges with ‘Change Management’ is to maintain the current business operations while the changes are being implemented. A framework needs to be created and maintained within a positive environment, this will help people accept the changes leaving them prepared and committed to assist with implementing them. Employees need to feel empowered rather than feeling they are being manipulated or coerced, and focus needs to be on the long-term goals rather than on a quick-fix to the situation.

Brilliant Public Speaking: An Informational Video

Brilliant Public Speaking Amber Owens BECOME/275 Business Communications and Critical Thinking August 5, 2014 Brilliant Public Speaking was a very informational video. I enjoyed hearing from each and every person In the video. Each person brought something new to the table and gave their view of public speaking. The one thing that stood out of my mind the most is how each and every one of them said to make the speech personal. One person said that facts are true, but stories sell.In other words make the speech something they want to hear. Don't bore them by constantly repeating the same thing and staying the same tone. This video tied In well with this week's topic because It shows how effectively to communicate when giving a speech in the workplace. The flare factor would be the practice I use. The reason I would use this practice Is because I want to make sure my audience stays focused on the subject at hand. I want them to see the passion and the drive that I have for the subject that I am liking about and presenting to them.I want them to stay excited with me, and as I get fired up, I want them to get fired up. Keeping people's attention is hard so when going with the flare practice you may not keep all their attention but you're sure at least to keep half the audience's attention. Just like one speaker said sex, drugs and rock and roll. That gets people's attention, and the began to want to know more about what you are saying. My advice to anyone giving a speech is to stick to the subject and be passionate about what you talk about.Make sure you have plenty of facts as we as personal stories to back your speech up. Relax, breathe and don't' talk too fast. People want to know what you are saying and why you are saying it. Make the speech fun yet informing so that the audience doesn't have time even to think about nodding off. Start strong and end strong, so the audience knows that you're still Just as passionate.

THE MARINER AS A MUSE (FOR FRE essays

THE MARINER AS A MUSE (FOR FRE essays Through this complex poem it is no easy task to contrive one concise explanation that will sum up the poem. The Rhyme Of the Ancient Mariner has strong undertones of God the creator, the animals in his kingdom, and the basic emotional circumstances that make up human existence. While these are broad topics, they can be broken down into cause and effect situations using some of Freud's methodology in Ego Psychology. Freud explained the way the human mind uses defense mechanisms, and there are some examples of these mechanisms in "The Rhyme Of the Ancient Mariner." Freud's ideas on displacement, rationalization, and projection can be used to understand some of the actions seen in the poem. The poem starts out in the present day when the Mariner, uninvited, attends a wedding reception where he takes aside one of the guests and begins to spin his tale of a see adventure which appears to be part fact, hallucination, and religion. The mariner and his fellow seamen are stranded in the middle of the ocean with no wind. There boat has not moved in weeks, the ocean is calm and they are at natures (Gods) mercy. When suddenly out of the blue comes a glorious albatross. In an almost magical way the sails flood with wind and the sea changes from a calm portrait of water into a lively swell of waves and white caps. Almost all the crew begins to rejoice in the albatross and the whether which they believe it brought. Only the Ancient Mariner is anything but happy over the bird's presence and he shoots the bird with a harpoon, killing it. The reason the Mariner killed the bird is not emphasized but a mask of a reason is that he thought the bird was responsible for the bad whe ther. The other sailors turn on the Mariner blaming him for the return of the bad whether by shooting the albatross. They hang the carcass of the Albatross around his neck as a reminder of his crime and are plagued with another calm of the whether. As time goes o...

Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic By Maeve Maddox The dreadful outbreak of the Ebola virus in West Africa has made headlines like these a daily sight in newspapers and on news sites all over the world: Ebola Epidemic Ravages West Africa Leave endemic Ebola zones – Germany tells nationals Americans fear pandemic as Ebola patients evacuate to Atlanta The element dem in epidemic, endemic, and pandemic comes from the ancient Greek word demos, which meant people or district: epi (among) + demos = epidemic en (in) + demos = endemic pan (all) + demos = pandemic An epidemic is a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time: Annual influenza epidemics follow a winter seasonal pattern in the United States with typical activity peaking during late December to early February.   An intense flu epidemic spreading across the nation has already taken a tragic toll in Michigan.   H1N1 Flu Epidemic Fills Up Texas Hospital Beds And ERs Endemic is an adjective that refers to a disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area. In many malaria-endemic countries, malaria transmission does not occur in all parts of the country.   Polio remains endemic in three countries – Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. Pertussis is endemic worldwide, even in areas with high vaccination rates. A disease becomes pandemic when it spreads beyond a region to infect large numbers of people worldwide: The Black Death was one of the worst pandemics in human history, killing at least 75 million people on three continents   The  Franco-Prussian War  triggered a smallpox pandemic of 1870–1875 that claimed 500,000 lives. The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic [is] estimated as being responsible for the deaths of approximately 50  million people or more. The word epidemic is also used to refer to an occurrence of any undesirable phenomenon: Teen Prescription Drug Abuse: A National Epidemic Dont panic, the teenage pregnancy epidemic is over! Factors Contributing to the Youth Violence Epidemic   An Epidemic of Stupidity is Sweeping America Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartThe Possessive Apostrophe5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Near the equator, from about 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south, the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Solar heating in the region forces air to rise through convection which results in the accumulation of large thunderstorms  and plethora of  precipitation, spreading rain around the Equator year-round; as a result of this, combined with its  central location on the globe, the ITCZ is a key component of the global air and water circulation system. The location of the ITCZ changes throughout the year, and how  far from the equator it gets is largely determined by the land or ocean temperatures underneath these currents of air and moisture- otter oceans yield less volatile change while varying lands cause varying degrees in the ITCZs location. The Intertropical Convergence Zone has been called the doldrums by sailors due to the lack of horizontal air movement (the air rises with convection), and its also known as the Equatorial Convergence Zone or Intertropical Front. The ITCZ Doesn't Have a Dry Season Weather stations in the equatorial region record precipitation up to 200 days each year, making the equatorial and ITC zones the wettest on the planet. Additionally, the equatorial region lacks a dry season and is constantly hot and humid, resulting in large thunderstorms formed from the convectional flow of air and moisture. The precipitation in the ITCZ over land has whats known as a  diurnal cycle  where clouds form in the late morning and early afternoon hours and by the hottest time of the day at 3 or 4 p.m., convectional  thunderstorms form and precipitation begins, but over the ocean, these clouds typically form overnight to produce early morning rainstorms. These storms are generally brief, but they make flying quite difficult, especially over land where clouds can accumulate at altitudes up to 55,000 feet. Most commercial airlines avoid the ITCZ while traveling across continents for this reason, and while the ITCZ over the ocean is usually calmer during the day and night and only active in the morning, many boats have been lost at sea from a sudden storm there. The Location Changes Throughout the Year While the ITCZ remains near the equator for most of the year, can vary in as much as 40 to 45 degrees of latitude north or south of the equator based on the pattern of land and ocean beneath it. The ITCZ over land ventures farther north or south than the ITCZ over the oceans, this is due to the variations in land and water temperatures. The zone mostly stays close to the Equator over water. It varies throughout the year over land. In Africa in July and August, for instance, the ITCZ is located just south of the Sahel desert at about 20 degrees north of the Equator, but the ITCZ over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is usually only 5 to 15 degrees North; meanwhile, over Asia, the ITCZ can go as far as 30 degrees North.

Dress and Ideology within the Kiss Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dress and Ideology within the Kiss Army - Essay Example The band is one of a few different bands, notably of the 1970's and 1980's, to dress up and paint their faces for shows and they did so out of a desire to be different from the norm. Working together with the odd dress were the outrageous antics of the band members, all designed to scare away those people not suited to the lifestyle; subsequently it was these aspects of Kiss that pulled in many loyal followers because of their own innate desire to be different from the masses. Because of this, it is ironic that the struggle to be different culminated in the conception of a club; the Kiss Army boasts thousands of members and each of these is dedicated to the principles on which the band was founded: namely, the daring to be different and to willingly repulse normal members of society, and of course a real appreciation for the music. It was this undying fan loyalty and image that helped Kiss become of the most successful bands of all time in terms of merchandising2. Kiss Army member Chris Jenson has said that being a part of this particular fan club is unlike any other fan club experience: "Kiss Army members are more adventurous and connected to each other than people in other fan clubs. They joined because they like what the music and the look of Kiss did to society and they'll always remember that"3. The dress code is not what fundamentally binds these members together, but it is what lets them identify each other and feel at home within the group. The giant black boots, the fake spiked costumes and the black and white painted faces are all a part of dressing to belong and to simultaneously express oneself. Although the seeming conformity of dressing alike and in reverence to one band might negate the efforts of the individual to set him or herself apart, if you think of it more in terms of each individual coincidentally expressing themselves in the same way, you can get a feel for what the Kiss Army members experience in dressing up. The Kiss fashion style donned by thousands of fans has not in itself evolved over the years although the band members have experimented with different looks since the inception of the Kiss Army4; men, women and children all dress alike5 and no major modifications have been made to the costumes as they still mimic the band members at the height of their popularity several decades ago. All in all, it is the unchanging facets of the Kiss fan subculture that keeps members sure about what they are identifying with and what they are expressing by dressing up accordingly. Bibliography Jason Jarmo. A KISS Army of One. IQ, 2005; http://www.indstate.edu/iq/Geek_Issue/Kiss_Army.htm. This source was helpful for understanding the background of the Kiss Army and gaining insight to the reasons why such a group would form and be one of the more substantial fan clubs. C.K. Lendt. Kiss and Sell: The making of a supergroup. Billboard Books, 1997. This book makes it clear that Kiss is not only a phenomenon because of its music, fashion and followers, but because of the shrewd marketing abilities of the members. Kiss is a huge success in merchandising and without this the continuation of the band might not have been

Watersheds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Watersheds - Essay Example The watershed has a number of tributaries that drains in all of the states in America or to approximately 31 states within the United States of America between the Appalachian Mountains and the rocky extending to the southern regions of Canada. River Mississippi is ranked as the largest and the longest river in the world and it holds tenth and fourth positions in that order (Carluer and De Marsily 87). For long time watersheds have acted as an important framework for various scientific studies on the impacts of anthropogenic and natural phenomenon on both quantity and quality of water (Naiman 78). The effects of silvicultural and agriculture have been based on watersheds. Studies concerning watersheds have been conducted in places such as Coweeta in which the data collected have been used by researches to evaluate the effectiveness of various ecological regions. Most individuals are not aware about the source of their drinking water an aspect that means that they care less whether th e water they drink have been treated or not before they reach their homes. Additionally, people should be knowledge about the process used in treating the water that they consume. This is because clean water is important to life even though people have taken this fact for granted. Therefore this particular essay will analyze watershed within Mississipi River with an aim of helping the society to have a better understanding of scientific process and various forms of water resources. According to Carluer and De Marsily (95) a watershed is that particular area of land that drains into the lake, river, stream or other forms of water bodies. Moreover, watersheds can be small or large. For instance a small stream located in neighborhood may consist of a watershed. Nevertheless, the watershed of the Mississippi river covers approximately two thirds of the North America (Naiman 78). Figure 1: Mississippi watershed (Schertzer, 124) Put into consideration a small stream located at the top of the mountains. The watershed of this particular stream will comprise of few underground precipitation runoffs and springs coming from the lands that are above it. Hence the stream continues to flow down the hill; it flows to large water bodies including larger rivers, streams and even lakes before flowing into the oceans which accordingly have watersheds that are large. However, it is important to note that all watersheds both large and small have complex processes that in one way or the other impact on the quality of water coming out and utilized by the human population for various purposes. According to Sivapalan (2266) human beings does not only use water for the cleaning and cooking but also for drinking, cleaning and draining the waste systems. In order to achieve this treatment plants, dams and pipes have to be put into place for the purposes of treating water before and after it enters the homes of individuals in the society. Additionally, other structures should be put in pl ace for the purpose of transporting water. This is because in order for human beings to be free from infections, to be water too need free from all forms of pollution and safe for domestic use. This explains the importance of managing all the watersheds as they are the sources of water for human and animal populations. According Sivapalan (2268) most cities and towns have put in place plans for managing the watersheds with an aim of ensuring not only quantity but also quality of the water sources. Moreover, it is important to take note that as watersheds continue to develop; storm water continues to drain from areas such as buildings, parking lots, fields and even fields. Hence, the roadside ditches are designed in a particular manner to prevent the structures from flooding by ensuring

Oil drilling in the ANWLR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oil drilling in the ANWLR - Essay Example The necessity of oil in driving the local economy cannot be understated. Many Americans need it for fuelling their vehicles, farm and industrial machinery. According to the ANWR website, a majority of Americans continue to experience the burden of expensive gasoline prices. This ironically occurs in a country with over 21 billion barrels of unexploited oil reserves but still spends billions of dollars in importation of oil (Arctic Power). However, past polls conducted by the ‘Dittman Research Corporation’ among the Alaskan populace, showed that over 78% are in support of oil exploration and development in the ANWR (Arctic Power). The opponents against oil drilling in ANWR argue that it would destroy and deface the natural landscape as well as threaten wildlife survival (Natural Resource Defense Council). However, the argument is further from the truth due to several reasons. Foremost, technology advancement has led to the development of oil drilling equipment that cause less â€Å"footprints† on the surface. Consequently, oil drilling in Prudhoe Bay would affect less than 60% of the natural landscape (Arctic Power). Moreover, the argument on disturbance or extinction of wildlife is fallacious since past drilling projects on Alaska have not harmed wildlife in the area. Furthermore, the drilling plans for ANWR are scheduled to occur during winter months when wildlife activity is scarce (Corne & Gelb). The other alternative proposed to oil drilling has been the investment in alternative and renewable sources of energy by Congress. It is a fact that investment in renewable energy is far much cheaper compared to oil exploration and development. However, the possibility of Congress devoting more investment to renewable energy at the expense of oil is quite a challenge. Foremost, a significant portion of Congress members benefit from oil

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the Essay

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the music industry in 2014, but it is actually a vital component - Essay Example This developed a type of musical lyrics in which the musical notation emerged as just one of the many written sources that provided information. Such information enriched an individual with musical comprehension, its works and performances. Performance of classical music became entirely dependent on how well the performer construed the essence of the musical score and lyrics of that music. The advent of gramophone record and its impact on music has contributed towards the decline of literacy in classical music. This has diffused classical music that surpassed the conventional connection between the subject matter of music with its social context and performance venues (Dahl, 2009, p.66). This paper explores the classical music in contemporary music industry. Music can be inspirational for all although its preference may decline with age. As per one research, it was found that young people give more importance to music than adults and therefore they listen to music more often. Moreover young people prefer listening to different kinds of music in all occasions as opposed to adults who prefer specific kinds of music mostly in private context (Bonneville-Roussy et al., 2013, p.703). Music as an inspiration and relaxation has been proved by many researchers. Today, music is used everywhere from shopping malls to dental offices since it is both stress reliever and a positive force on psychology (Joyce, 2003, p.5). According to Kramer (2008, p.13), classical music is almost like a â€Å"living museum, living precisely because it is a kind of museum, and, like a museum, a place that exhibits new works as well as old†. The state of classical music in modern time is mostly shaky. For several years, classical music has experienced a steady decline in its popularity especially in America. There are many symptoms that prove this fact like a weakening CD market for classical music, lack of fund for symphony

The impact when parents loses a job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The impact when parents loses a job - Essay Example The rate of joblessness is very high (Ananat, Gassman-Pines, Francis, and Gibson-Davis. 2011). There are many families where only one parents is working. In such families, the impact of job loss is higher. As a result of an increase in the job loss of parents, the rate of poverty among children is increasing. In the year 2011, 11% of children in the United States had one unemployed parent in the family (Strully, 2009). According to Rege et al. (2011), the loss of a parent’s job results in the loss of economic security of a family. Social scientists have revealed the devastating effects of parents’ job loss on families. The consequences of job loss are seen in the form of mental health problems, stress, and conflicts in relationships (Eliason and Donald, 2009). The job loss does not only increase marital conflicts, but also conflicts and disagreements among parents and children. This also results in ineffective parenting. Children, who are raised in such environment, often face neglect from parents. The education of children also suffers in case of job loss of parents (Spera, Buhrfeind, and Pennebaker, 1994). According to Farber (2010), when a parent loses a job, children are likely to be suspended or expelled from schools. When children are in high schools, they are less likely to continue post-secondary education when a parent loses a job (Nomaguchi, 2012). The increasing cost of education and the credit crunch are two significant challenges faced by children. The loss of a parent’s job also reduces the economic stability of the next generation. When parents endure unemployment, children are more likely to depend on welfare and other support programs. When parents struggle hard to get a job but lose their jobs, children are likely to become disillusioned with protestant work ethic (Gowan, 2012).Top of Form As suggested by Coelli (2011), when a job is lost, parents suffer from stress. The level of stress faced by

Patient Diagnosed With Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Patient Diagnosed With Cancer - Essay Example Tabitha is a 1-year-old patient who was diagnosed with cancer two years ago and has received two courses of chemotherapy. She understands and respects every decision with regards to treatment and is due to have another round of chemotherapy. The treatment can make a 30% chance of survival or approximately two years. Without this, Tabitha will die within three months. Tabitha has a good relationship with the clinical team. She also has a supportive family and friends all throughout the treatment. She attends the local school when she is not sick and lives with her brothers and parents. The ethical dilemma started when Tabitha refused consent chemotherapy because of being fed up in the hospital to receive unpleasant treatments. According to the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse Section 2.3 (2008), a registered nurse practices in a way that acknowledge the dignity, culture, values, beliefs, and rights of individual groups, including the consideration of individ ual/group preferences when providing care (p. 3). Respecting Tabitha’s refusal to treatment is in line with the practice of professional and ethical nursing framework; however, doing so might sacrifice the safety of Tabitha and death within three months. The legal issue in this case study centered on Tabitha’s right to make a decision. Although she is mature enough to understand the treatment and her parents are supportive of the decision to refuse chemotherapy, she is still a 16-year-old patient.

The impact when parents loses a job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The impact when parents loses a job - Essay Example The rate of joblessness is very high (Ananat, Gassman-Pines, Francis, and Gibson-Davis. 2011). There are many families where only one parents is working. In such families, the impact of job loss is higher. As a result of an increase in the job loss of parents, the rate of poverty among children is increasing. In the year 2011, 11% of children in the United States had one unemployed parent in the family (Strully, 2009). According to Rege et al. (2011), the loss of a parent’s job results in the loss of economic security of a family. Social scientists have revealed the devastating effects of parents’ job loss on families. The consequences of job loss are seen in the form of mental health problems, stress, and conflicts in relationships (Eliason and Donald, 2009). The job loss does not only increase marital conflicts, but also conflicts and disagreements among parents and children. This also results in ineffective parenting. Children, who are raised in such environment, often face neglect from parents. The education of children also suffers in case of job loss of parents (Spera, Buhrfeind, and Pennebaker, 1994). According to Farber (2010), when a parent loses a job, children are likely to be suspended or expelled from schools. When children are in high schools, they are less likely to continue post-secondary education when a parent loses a job (Nomaguchi, 2012). The increasing cost of education and the credit crunch are two significant challenges faced by children. The loss of a parent’s job also reduces the economic stability of the next generation. When parents endure unemployment, children are more likely to depend on welfare and other support programs. When parents struggle hard to get a job but lose their jobs, children are likely to become disillusioned with protestant work ethic (Gowan, 2012).Top of Form As suggested by Coelli (2011), when a job is lost, parents suffer from stress. The level of stress faced by

Ethical Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Ethical Worksheet Essay 1. What is the ethical issue or problem? Identify the issue succinctly. The probation officer has to generate a presentence investigation report for the husband’s trial. The probation officer has to keep in consideration that this last DUI would be the husband’s third conviction, the only one being after his military service. The standard sentence for a third time offense usually begins at a minimum of 90 days in custody. The husband, however, has a record diagnosing him with post-traumatic stress disorder (developed after serving in Somalia) where confinement can trigger regression, explosive outbursts, and traumatic flashbacks. What should the probation officer recommend? 2. What are the most important facts? Which facts have the most bearing on the ethical decision presented? Include any important potential economic, social, or political pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. This is the husband’s third DUI offense. Due to the husband’s military service in Somalia, and his imprisonment by the enemy soldier, he now suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and has regressed to the level of a 10-year-old. As per his psychiatrists, any type of confinement could worsen his regression, triggering explosive outbursts and traumatic flashbacks. The standard sentencing (since he’s a third time offender) usually begins at a minimum of 90 days in custody. His prior convictions happened before his military service and he served a total of 60 days in custody, without incidents. 3. Identify each claimant (key actor) who has an interest in the outcome of this ethical issue. From the perspective of the moral agent—the individual contemplating an ethical course of action—what obligation is owed to the claimant? Why? Claimant (key actor) Obligation (owed to the claimant) Perspective (What does the claimant hope will happen?) Probation Officer Beneficence, protection, service The probation officer would strongly recommend for the husband be placed under house arrest and attend intensive therapy and rehabilitation, rather than being incarcerated or institutionalized. Husband Respect, order The husband would prefer to pay a fine, if any, and be penalized in any way other than confinement. Judge Beneficence, non-injury The judge would prefer to help the mental condition of the husband, as well as keep the order in any jails and/or correctional facilities. Psychiatrist Beneficence, farewell The psychiatrists would prefer to attend to the husband’s mental condition through intense therapy and rehabilitation, and avoid confinement at all cost. Society Justice, peace and order Society would prefer any type of rehabilitative therapy for the husband, a military veteran, and not incarceration. Evaluating Alternatives 4. What are two alternatives for the scenario? One alternative can be a wild card that you ordinarily may not consider an option because of potential implications. Both should be within free will and control of the same moral agent. Alternative A Alternative B The probation officer strongly recommends rehabilitative therapy and psychotherapy in place of any incarceration time. The probation officer generates the PSI report following protocol of recommending the standard mandatory minimum of 90 days in jail for being the husband’s third conviction. 5. Respond to the following questions based on your developed alternatives. Alternative A Alternative B What are the best- and worst-case scenarios if you choose this alternative? Best: The husband shows improvement through different types of therapy and overcomes alcoholism. Worst: Therapy is useless for the husband and his alcohol dependency worsens. Best: Standard procedures are followed. Husband has no outburst or violent flashbacks. Worst: Husband has a violent outburst hrs within incarceration, has to be placed in solitary confinement, mental state deteriorates. Will anyone be harmed if this alternative is chosen? If so, how will they be harmed? Consider families and derivative effects. The husband will be hurt if the therapies recommended do not work as expected. His mental condition and alcohol dependency may worsen if the issue is not approached properly. The husband’s mental, emotional, and maybe even physical state will worsen will incarceration, since his violent outburst and flashbacks will be reoccurring. Would honoring an idea or value—such as personal, professional, or religious—make the alternative invalid? Prioritizing the mental health and wellbeing of a military veteran with service related issues, such as PTSD makes the alternative invalid. Following the standard sentencing for a third time offender would make the alternative invalid. Are there any rules, laws, or principles that support the alternative? Are there rules, laws, or principles that make the alternative invalid? State the rule or principle and indicate if it invalidates or supports the alternative. 3455. Idiocy as a Defense You may not find the defendant guilty of if (he/she) was legally incapable of committing a crime because of idiocy. The defendant was legally incapable of committing a crime because of idiocy if at the time the crime was committed: 1. (he/she) had a mental disease or defect; 2. Because of that disease or defect, (he/she) did not know or understand the nature and quality of (his/her) act or did not know or understand that (his/her) act was morally or legally wrong. V C Section 23546 Penalty Third Conviction Within Ten Years 23546. (a) If a person is convicted of a violation of Section 23152 and the offense occurred  within 10 years of two separate violations of Section 23103, as specified in Section 23103.5, 23152, or 23153, or any combination thereof, that resulted in convictions, that person shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 120 days nor more than one year and by a fine of not less than three hundred ninety dollars ($390) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000). The persons privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be revoked by the Department of Motor Vehicles as required in paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender his or her drivers license to the court in accordance with Section 13550 Applying Ethical Guidelines 6. Consider each ethical guideline and explain whether it would support or reject your alternative. Guidelines based on the action itself Alternative A Alternative B Should this alternative become a rule or policy that everyone in this situation should follow in similar situations in the future? (Kant) Yes No Does this alternative result in using any person as a means to an end without consideration for his or her basic integrity? (Kant) No Yes Is the intent of this action free from vested interest or ulterior motive? (Kant’s good will) Yes Yes Does this alternative demonstrate a genuine concern for others affected by the decision, and is the moral agency responding to a perceived need? Yes: concern for others and responding to a perceived need are implicated No Guidelines based on consequences Alternative A Alternative B Is the good that results from this alternative outweighed by the potential harm that might be done to others? (Mill’s harm principle) Possibly No Is any harm brought about by anyone other than the moral agent? (causal harm) No Yes, the husband and the implicated correctional facility Will anyone be harmed who can be said to be defenseless? (paternalism) No Yes, the husband in a regressed mental state of a 10 year old To what degree is this alternative based on the moral agent’s own best interest? (ethical egoism) Not based on the parole officer’s own interest. It is based on the best interest of the husband. Not based on the parole officer’s own interest. It is based on the best interest of the husband. Which alternative will generate the greatest benefit—or the least amount of harm—for the greatest number of people? Select only one alternative. (utilitarianism) Alterative A will generate the greatest benefit. Ethical Decision Making 7. Choose to proceed with either Alternative A or Alternative B and explain the reasons for your decision. I recommend that on the parole officer’s presentencing investigation report strongly recommend an alternative type of punitive action against the husband, in lieu of incarceration. He should take in consideration not only the welfare and mental health of the husband, but the order in the corresponding correctional facility. The parole officer should note that incarceration will not only greatly deteriorate the husband’s mental, emotional, and even physical health, but it will also create altercations and physical confrontations in jail. The parole officer should push for some type of intensive rehabilitative therapy, as well as psychotherapy, and any other type of therapy the husband may need in order to treat his mental condition as well as to address his alcohol dependency. If necessary, applying a fine and/or house arrest in order to pay for the offense. The par ole officer should put the health and well being of the husband first.

Public Bank Has The Function Information Technology Essay

Public Bank Has The Function Information Technology Essay Public Bank has the function of the mobile banking. Mobile banking is users can perform the services of banking but is through the cell phone or mobile phone. Mobile banking is also known as the M-banking, or SMS Banking. The mobile phone or the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can be used as the devices for mobile banking. Mobile banking can be used with the mobile phone or even with the PDA. With the mobile banking user can used all mobile banking functions with convenient without going to the bank for these services. But, how many services that are provided is all depends on the bank itself .Now, the user just need to have a mobile phone with the function for the midlet services need to have the Java and mobile information device profile(MID)P 2.0, with general packet radio service(GPRS) or third generation of mobile telephony(3G) access. While for the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) services then need to have the browser and WAP 2.0 with GPRS or 3G access then can use the fun ction of mobile banking. Users can use this mobile banking no matter at where with the condition that has the mobile phone has this function. Those users for the mobile banking will be the business man because they will be busy for their work so it is much more convenient if they can just do their payment and other services through the mobile banking. Besides that, the user also can be teenagers it is because nowadays those teenagers do not have much patient to go for banks to lining up for the payment so they will choose the mobile banking. For those user who want to apply for the PB mobile banking system, they must be the existing internet banking customer .Not only users personal can apply for this services, company also can apply for this services but they need to be the existing corporate e-banking customer and have to go to their Account Branch to register for the PB Mobile Banking services. Users who wish to register for the PB Mobile Banking services can follow the steps which are as follow: There are many services which are available in the PB mobile banking service .For the individual customers, they can use it for account inquiry which can perform inquiry for the account balance whether there are enough credit or not and those inquiries can be anytime whether is pass record or current records or some specific transaction. It also can obtain the pages that enable users view all the details regarding the bank account, make payments, outlook tax forms, and complex a payment plan. Not only that, for the PB customers also can do payments such as registered bill payment ,card payment for themselves, card payment registered for the third party accounts and the loan payment for own and for the registered third party accounts. Now you can just pay it through the mobile banking service and no need go to the bank for these payments. Transaction history is for transactions done earlier and the payment history that included deposit, loan/financing, credit/debit card .The users can view back their current balances and the transaction before that .Users can choose to view the transaction items by date range or by account which are current monthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or previous monthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transaction history. If they forget keep record for the month then they can find it back through the payment history so they do not need to worry about it. Besides that, PB it also have the services of funds transfer. Customers can transfer their funds between members of them but they need to own an account before doing that. They also need to registered 3rd party accounts and registered the interbank GIRO. Users can easily transfer their money between users of the same banks or they even also can transfer their money to the other banks. Not only that, for the PB customers also can do payments such as registered bill payment ,card payment for themselves, card payment registered for the third party accounts and the loan payment for own and for the registered third party accounts. Now you can just pay it through the mobile banking service and no need go to the bank for these payments. PB individual users also can do investments with the registered account .After the users decide which to invest in they can pay through the mobile phone. PB also provide for the cheque management, with this users can also request cheque book, stop cheque and check status inquiry. There are so many benefits of using PB mobile banking. Firstly is that it help to save time for the users .Nowadays most citizens are busy with their job, they do not have sufficient time to go to the bank just for those payment but now with this services they can just use the mobile phone and just press a few buttons then the transactions will be done. So you do not even have to go to the bank and queue up. Besides that, this PB services is easy to use. Nowadays almost all people own a mobile phone and the users mostly will be familiar with all the functions .Mobile banking services is easy to use you just need to press a few buttons and follow whatever instruction that is provided and save the transactions made then the transaction is consider success fully executed. Next is that the PB mobile banking services can help users reduce cost. PB provides this facility at the lower costs if compared to conventional banking itself. Users using this service can save a lot of money for the long period. There are few disadvantages also if using the mobile banking services. Firstly is that the security of using the services. While using this services may be will have such viruses that hack the phone and try to get the users important information and it will may not immune. This will strongly harm the user and may cause them lost their important data or information like password, money and others. Sometimes the user can also be susceptible to a phishing-like scam called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SMiShingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is happened when the user receives a fake text message that request for the accounts details. Next disadvantages of using PB mobile banking services that are the compability of the mobile phone. Not all type of mobile phone is suitable for mobile banking services; this service requires some important function to access in the services. Although some mobile phone has the capacity to browse the internet through mobile phone but the phone cannot support the anti- virus inside. PB mobile banking services have so many functions and benefits and also disadvantages. So consumers should fully utilize this type of convenient because it really helps a lot but also need to think how to protect their self.

Essay --

Hadirin yang dihormati sekalian, Adakah anda masih ingat kepada pesan ibu dan bapa yang selalu mengingatkan bahawa rajinlah belajar agar jalan kehidupan tersedia luas terbentang untukmu? Ingatkah kita kepada kata-kata Plato dan Confucius berbunyi â€Å"tuntutlah ilmu hingga ke negeri China†. Mengapa hadirin, sejak dari zaman dahulu hingga ke hari ini dan di setiap pelosok dunia sama ada di Eropah, Afrika mahupun Asia, pandangan terhadap pendidikan ialah sama iaitu pendidikan merupakan asas perkembangan umat manusia. Tetapi mengapa pendidikan menjadi begitu penting kepada kita? Hadirin yang saya muliakan sekalian, pendidikan dapat melatih minda manusia untuk berfikir dengan lebih luas dan rasional. Melalui pendidikan, pengetahuan maklumat dapat diluaskan dan digunakan untuk kebaikan bersama. Sebagaimana yang diungkapkan Daoed Joesoef (1986) tentang pentingnya suatu pendidikan yang mana beliau menyatakan bahawa "Pendidikan merupakan segala bidang penghidupan, dalam memilih dan membina hidup yang baik, yang sesuai dengan martabat manusia" dan sudah tentulah daripada pernyataan tersebut kita dapat menyimpulkan bahawa mempunyai pendidikan pada masa sekarang merupakan hal yang sangat penting kerana jika kita tidak mempunyai pendidikan kita tidak akan kemana-mana. Tanpa pendidikan dan tanpa kemahiran membaca, capaian pelbagai akses terhadap pelbagai bentuk pengetahuan seperti buku, internet atau media lainnya sama sekali tidak memungkinkan kita untuk melangkah maju ke hadapan. Pendidikan merupakan tunj ang utama kepada pembentukan modal insan yang akan membantu kepada pembangunan negara. Pendidikan mempunyai impak yang besar ke atas pelbagai peluang kehidupan manusia agar masa depan seseorang tersebut terjamin dan kualiti kehidupannya terpelih... .... Kesimpulannya, corak pendidikan yang diaplikasikan di Malaysia adalah lebih menyeluruh kerana ia merangkumi aspek fizikal dan rohani. Pendidikan di Malaysia bukan sahaja ingin membentuk pelajarnya yang aktif dan cemerlang dalam kurikulum dan kokurikulum malah ia juga memberi fokus kepada kelengkapan rohani dan moral agar pelajar yang dilahirkan sempurna dari segala segi. Maka dengan itu hadirin, saya sekali lagi menegaskan, pendidikan ini bukan sahaja penting untuk mengembangkan minda dan bakat manusia, malah ia juga penting untuk memacu legasi pembangunan negara. Ini adalah kerana pendidikan merupakan nadi kepada pencetus kegemilangan dan martabat sesebuah negara tersebut. Oleh itu, penting sekali untuk kita sebagai rakyat Malaysia dalam melancarkan aspirasi negara iaitu mencapai kecemerlangan dalam pendidikan untuk menaikkan nama negara di persada antarabangsa.

Jean-Paul Sartre and Our Responsibility for Teaching History :: Philosophy Education Research Papers

Jean-Paul Sartre and Our Responsibility for Teaching History ABSTRACT: Historical research was one of Jean-Paul Sartre's major concerns. Sartre's biographical studies and thought indicate that history is not only a field in which you gather facts, events, and processes, but it is a worthy challenge which includes a grave personal responsibility: my responsibility to the dead lives that preceded me. Sartre's writings suggest that accepting this responsibility can be a source of wisdom. Few historians, however, view history as transcending the orderly presenting and elucidating of facts, events, and processes. I contend that Sartre's writings suggest a personally enhancing commitment. A lucid and honest response to the challenges and demands of history and the dead lives that preceded my own existence is an engagement that requires courage, wisdom, and thought. The consequences of this commitment for teaching history is discussed. Historical research was one of Jean-Paul Sartre's major concerns. Roquentin, the central character of his first novel, Nausea, has chosen the "profession of historian." (1) He comes to Bouville in order to write a history of Monsieur de Rollebon, who was active at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. Important documents pertaining to Rollebon's life are in the Bouville library. As the novel develops Roquentin decides—for good reasons—to abandon his historical research, a decision to which we return. Unlike Roquentin, Sartre never abandoned the realm of historical research. Quite often he discussed history in his philosophical writings. His plays repeatedly deal with the need to relate authentically, truthfully to history. In addition, Sartre wrote three biographies—of Charles Baudelaire, Jean Genet, and The Family Idiot, a close to three thousand page study of the life of Gustave Flaubert—in which he suggested and presented an approach to studying the life of a specific person within his or her situation. Sartre also wrote abbreviated studies of contemporary history, such as his short book on Castro's Cuba. (2) Consequently, the corpus of Sartre's writings abounds with enlightening insights and ideas on how to study and write history. Very few, if any, of Sartre's insights have been transferred to the realm of historical scholarship or of teaching history. Our survey of relevant literature revealed virtually no attempts to learn from Sartre in these fields. Someone may argue that the compartmentalization of scholarship—whereby many, if not most, historians rarely read books by philosophers—may be an important reason for the ignoring of Sartre's insights in the fields of history and teaching history.

A Family Legend Passes

Blake Wilson Wilson 1/4 English 1101 Paper # 2 Narrative Essay 8/30/12 7:30PM â€Å"A Family Legend Passes† It still feels like yesterday, a place I haven’t quite left, here I was following behind an ambulance again. I remember being frustrated feeling overwhelmed over all of the repeating events, â€Å"I wanted it to be over already†, how I learned to regret that thought.We arrived to the hospital once again, I made my way to the parking garage and started circling hastily looking for a parking spot, I couldn’t stop myself from thinking of the comedy of myself circling through the garage just like this â€Å"Deja-vu† of a visit was coming to be. Things seemed kind of melancholy the standard procedures were taking place, the nurses were taking vitals, blood samples, doctors asking how much pain she was in, what medications she was on, she was being admitted once again, Carmen; my grandmother, my mom’s mom.It was getting late, I had to work th e next day and my very pregnant wife needed some rest also, so we headed home. The next day I went to work as normal as a maintenance worker I went about my usual tasks; replacing ceiling tiles, carpet repairs, patching and painting walls etc. , I remember feeling uneasy all day, I called my mother around lunch time. I was told that they’re Wilson 2/4 Going to turn off her pace maker the battery was dying and they were going to need to put a temporary one in her leg until the tech was able to get in, in a few days.I hung up the phone with my mother and went back to work, I got a call around three telling me that she didn’t get through the surgery so well and that even with the temporary pacemaker installed she wasn’t stabilizing, suddenly I found myself on the interstate doing 95mph with short emotionally unstable bursts of 115mph passing everyone I made it to the hospital from my house in about 4 minutes. What happened next I wasn’t prepared for, I walke d into the room and an nfamiliar chill overcame me I felt it coming before it could be said, â€Å"the doctors say she isn’t going to make it this time Blake they want to sedate her and let her go peacefully† I stormed out of the room muttering â€Å"you would give up you bitch† to my mother, I was lost I knew those I would hear those words someday, but not this day it couldn’t be could it? Well it was night now shows how much I was paying attention to time, everything was a blur to me now I felt numb I found myself wandering past everyone in the halls sobbing coming back from my smoke break emotionless to the world we sat through the night not sleeping.It was morning time again I had to go into to work again, my mother and wife assured me she would be there when I got back two days went by like this, no sleep, emotionless, chain smoking, no eating I couldn’t think of any reason to be selfish and eat when my grandmother Wilson 3/4 was on her death bed, the smoking was just an attempt to keep my emotions under control.I spent countless hours in the room holding my grandmothers hand, staring at the monitor, back at her and back again it was starting to seem like an countless cycle but I was enjoying the limited amount of time that was left, I went outside to smoke once more a feeling overcame me and I burst into tears something felt different, this was really happening I was going to lose the one grandma I knew all the hospital visits all the times she had recovered before now meant nothing,.I remember all the times bringing meals to her, my disabled grandmother I would sit in her room for hours talking to her about the past, learning how she used to program computers back in her younger years, so many memories flashing before my eyes â€Å"they say life flashes before your eyes before you pass but nobody ever tells you all the memories go right before a loved one passes†, I walked into the room and it felt freezing cold my mother was weeping looking on the computer for a goodbye song, my wife sitting bedside in a chair looking on to me with a look in her eyes that said what next?I held her hand one more time and whimpered out an I love you. I thought I felt my own heart beating, but soon discovered it was my dear grandmothers heart beat I could feel I felt the last few beats and then they stopped I sat bedside with my head laying on the bed for what felt to be an eternity I heard my wife ask if I was ok once more, I finally raised my head in awe she wasn’t breathing anymore, eyes still half open I reached up and closed her eyes and collapsed onto the bed in an uncontrollable fit of tears.Wilson 4/4 All I could do on the silent drive home was stare out the window mad at the world, now I knew what it felt like to lose a loved one, what a painful lesson, Maybe I should start showing more interest in those around me, you never know how precious those moments are.

The Marion

The Marion nine men were Alexander H. Curtis, Joey Pinch, Thomas Speed, Nickolas Dale, James Childs, Thomas Lee, John Freeman, Nathan Levert and David Harris. They worked to provide an education for black children of Marion. Curtis was the most influential of the group and later led the push to reorganize Lincoln School into state institution. He was a member of Alabama Legislature for eight years and he loved the respect of his fellow legislators.With Alma Freeman he wrote an essay about Alabama State University and said as efforts to desegregate state college systems increasingly threaten the very survival of higher education for black Americans. Thomas Speed was a 56 year old black smith and North Carolina native who could not read or write, but had gathered some personal property through his business operations. Joseph D.Caver a graduate student in the department of history at Alabama State completed his masters thesis, titled Marion to Montgomery: A Twenty-Year History of Alabam a State University, 1867-1887. Which presents a quite scholarly and sensitive analysis and documentation of state. On founders day all faculty and students are expected to be in attendance to uplift the vast works performed by our predecessors in making of ASU.It is our current tradition that the event be held in the Joe L. Reed Acadome. The presidents of Alabama State at the time are William Burns Paterson (1878-1915), John William Beverly (1915-1920), George Washington Trenholm (1920-1925, Harper Councill Trenholm (1925-1962), Levi Watkins (1962-1981), Robert L. Randolph(1981-1983), Leon Howard (1983-1991), Clifford C. Baker (1991-1994), Joe A. Lee (2001-2008) and William Hamilton Harris(1994-200/2008-2012).

Threater review Arthur Asher Miller

Asher Miller was one of the greatest playwrights and essayists of the 20th century. He won numerous awards for his writing including the Tony Award for best play and Pulitzer Prize for drama. He lived a long fruitful life and provided a total of seven decades In playwright. Earlier Life and Potential Influence to His Writing: Arthur was born In October 1 7th, 1915. He was the second of three children of Solder and Augusta Miller. HIS father was a well-known man In the community and they were well off. Urethra's father owned a women's clothing manufacturing business called â€Å"S. Miller & Sons† 1 and his mother was a school teacher.However, due to the Wall Street crash of 1929, the family lost their wealth and had to move to Gravesend, Brooklyn. Later in the teen years, Arthur had to pick up a part-time Job to save up for college and they lived a middle class life struggling with money. He did poorly in high school because he was more focused on athletics. After he graduated he went to college and later dropped out of NY City College because he was not able to keep up with both work and school. To sum it all up, â€Å"Living through young adulthood during he Great Depression, Miller was shaped by the poverty that surrounded him.The Depression demonstrated to the playwright the fragility and vulnerability of human existence In the modern era. † 2 Professor Eric Rabble at the university of Mulligan said, â€Å"It Is no surprise then that many of his plays deal with Individuals rendered helpless in the face of uncontrollable social forces and the impact that this sense of helplessness has on the individual and the relationships that surround him. † 3 After a few years, he applied to the University of Michigan and was apparently denied admission two times before acceptance because of his poor grades in high school.Once he was accepted, he majored in Journalism and became the editor for Michigan Daily. 4 Becoming a Playwright: Miller's writing flourished in college. He gained confidence In playwright when he won the Hoped Award for a play he wrote in 6 days called the â€Å"No Villain†. He then switched his major to English and this Is when he realized he had the talent to become a professional playwright-5 Luckily, Miller had the opportunity to meet one of the most Influential playwright Instructors name Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, who apparently has taught many other professional playwrights.Rowe motivated and instructed Miller the fundamentals of playwright. He also helped Miller connect to Broadway later in his career by using his connections. 6 With the help of Rowe he rewrote â€Å"No Villain† and revised the play into another title called â€Å"They Too Arise† and won another Hoped Award for the play. 7 Miller struggled financially throughout college and was a night editor, earning a very small salary. 8 â€Å"In 1 936, as a student at the University of Michigan, the National Youth Administration pai d me $1 5 a month o feed a couple of thousand mice in a cancer research laboratory,† Miller recalled. L walked two miles to get to the genetics lab. I washed dishes for my meals, but without that ANY money, I couldn't have paid my room rent and would no doubt have had to leave school. Jobs In those times were next to Impossible to find. † 9 1 strongly believe that these kinds of hardships In his college life and the terrible economy near future. In 1938, Miller graduated from the University of Michigan with a BAA in English. Miller struggled financially throughout college and wrote some radio scripts ND a few short stories for income after graduating. 0 He briefly worked for Federal Theater Project but it was closed by the US Congress due to â€Å"presumed communist influence†. Al In August 1940, Miller married his college sweetheart, Mary Grace Clattery. 12 Mary supported Miller with his writing by being the editor and also provided income working as a waitress. They had two children together named Jane and Robert. Playwright Career: After losing his Job and, at one point, even collecting federal assistance, he found many different work including being a ship fitter's helper at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.He kept up with his writing by writing many radio plays and scripts after work. 13 It was not until 1944 that Miller went to Broadway with his play called â€Å"The Man Who Had All the Luck†. Unfortunately, the play was closed after a total of six performances, two of which were previews. The play received negative reviews from critics and it nearly ended his playwright career. However, being the man of the family and having the obligation to support the family, he went on writing two books titled Situation Normal (1944) and Focus (1945). 14 Then in 1946 Miller released a new play called â€Å"AllMy Sons†. This play earned Miller major credits for being one of the best playwrights at the time. This play was a major success in Broa dway. It ran 328 performances and also earned Miller two Tony awards for Best Author and the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. 15, 16 This play was rated one of the best ten plays of 1947. 17 With the income from this play, he built a small studio in Connecticut. It was here where he created one of the best plays of all time, â€Å"Death of the Salesman† (1948). 18 This is by far the most recognized play for Miller. He won numerous Tony Awards including thePulitzer Prize for Best Drama. There have been numerous revivals of â€Å"Death of the Salesman† and have been played in theater over thousands of times. There have even been film and television adaptations of this play. Some critics stated that â€Å"Death of a Salesman† was the first great American tragedy written. Following this success, Miller expressed his political beliefs with the play called â€Å"The Crucible† (1953). It seems that he is comparing the Salem Witch Trials in this play with th e ongoing sass and sass â€Å"anti-communist Red Scare and the congressional hearings of Seen.Joseph McCarthy going on in the United States at the time†. 19 â€Å"In reading this play, one can pick up on three important themes. The first is how people use escape goats to gain in their personal lives, and secondly, how one deals with their own personal set of morals, when placed against an entire groups. Lastly, The Crucible deals with the idea of how people in power will sacrifice what is truly right for the protection of their own power, or face†. 20 In June 1956, he divorced his first wife and married again with a well-known actress named Marilyn Monroe a few weeks later.They only lasted 4 years and Miller got married for the third time with Engine Mortar in 1962 and had two children together. 21 Miller's Influences and Style: Arthur Miller was heavily influenced by United States sociology of his time and had a deep insight with human behavior facing tragedy. Miller' s writing style is known for his honesty and true nature of man. His famous works like â€Å"Death of the Salesman† emphasize a difficult conflict within one family and address the larger issues his relationship with his uncle named Many Newman, who was also a salesman.His uncle practically had the personality and idea of Wily in â€Å"Death of the Salesman†. Miller wrote short stories in the earlier days about a failure of an unsuccessful salesman. He later on transformed this story into one of the greatest masterpieces of all time. 22 Miller said he was inspired by the Greeks, particularly Sophocles. â€Å"l think the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing-his sense of personal dignity,† Miller writes. From Rooster to Hamlet, Made to Macbeth, the underlying trudge is that of the individual attempting to gain his ‘rightful' position in his society. † Miller considers the common man â€Å"as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. â€Å"23 Miller wrote many different kinds of plays and scripts in his career. However, two of his most famous works like â€Å"Death of the Salesman† and â€Å"All My Sons† are known for being the best tragedy plays known to date. His protagonists in these two plays were both hard-working American men with their family, going through a struggle or conflict and involve a lie with a big truth moment.In â€Å"Death of he Salesman†, Wily wanted to believe that he was a â€Å"successful† salesman and that his sons were going to successful Just like him, achieving the American dream. He had all his hope on his older son Biff, who was popular and athletic. Wily believed that Biff had all the ingredients needed to be successful and wanted to believe that Biff would be successful. However, Biff confronts Wily about what is reality and why Wily needs to stop lying to believe that Biff is something special when he was Just ordinary. Similarly, in â€Å"All My Sons†, Joe lies to his own sons about a crime he omitted which killed 21 American pilots.Apparently, Joe who was a businessman purchased and sold faulty machine parts to the air force to get out of a tight financial situation and to top it all off, blamed his partner for the wrongdoing when he was the one that did it. However, this action later haunts him and his family. His son Larry went missing in World War II and for three years his fiance named Ann had been waiting for him. Apparently, his other son Chris falls in love with Ann and wanted to marry her. Joey's wife Kate did not want to accept that Larry was dead and knew that he secret would be revealed if they got married.Ann gave Chris Larry suicide note confirming that Larry was absolutely dead because he killed himself knowing his father had killed 21 American pilots because of his selfish action. Chris read this out to the whole family. 24 Interestingly enough, both of these plays ended with the protagonist committing suicide. Wily ended his life to provide insurance money to Biff to start his own business and Joe shot himself in head not wanting to face the judgment from his dead son, who killed himself because of his father and other son ho was ready to throw him in prison. 5 Both of these plays questioned morality and ethics. How far will a man go to save his family? Will he kill a man and keep his family hidden from the dirty truth? Or would he even kill himself to provide his son an income to start a business? It questions human instincts and how low a man would go to protect their own family. â€Å"The closer a man approaches tragedy the more intense is his concentration of emotion upon the fixed point of his commitment, which is to say the closer he approaches what in life we call fanaticism. â€Å"26